THE ROLE OF MACHINE LEARNING IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

In the biological sciences, machine learning (ML) has become an essential technology that is revolutionizing research methods and speeding up discoveries in a variety of fields. A thorough overview of the various uses of ML in biological sciences is discussed in this article, including drug development, protein sciences, vaccines, biosystems, and computational biology. ML models facilitate the rapid discovery of innovative drug candidates with decreased side effects and increased efficacy, hence speeding up the drug development pipeline by utilizing large-scale biological data. ML techniques are improving the prediction of protein interactions, structures, and functions in the field of protein sciences. The design of vaccines, epitope prediction, and antigen selection are all greatly aided by ML techniques. ML models evaluate genetic and proteomic data based on individual immune responses, facilitating the generation of personalized immunizations that are optimal for immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, by replicating cellular processes, modeling intricate biological networks, and forecasting gene regulatory mechanisms, ML techniques are revolutionizing the study of biosystems. In computational biology, ML is utilized for phenotypic prediction, gene expression profiling, and sequence analysis. ML models facilitate the development of precision medicine techniques, the characterization of medication response patterns, and the identification of disease biomarkers by combining multi-omics data. To fully explore the potential of ML for tackling significant issues in healthcare, computer scientists, biologists, and bioinformaticians must collaborate across disciplinary boundaries. This review emphasizes the revolutionary impact of ML on biological sciences

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BATTLE AGAINST CORONAVIRUS: AN OVERVIEW

The COVID-19 is an infectious disease and SARS-CoV-2 virus is the causative agent. The nanoparticles rages from 0.2nm to the 1000nm. The particle having less than 200nm shows greater effective application as drug delivery system. As the particle size decreases the surface area will increase hence the nano size material/ drug and formulation has advantage over the conventional dosage forms in the treatment of COVID-19. Along with this the nano medicines easily cross the different cellular membranes, cross the epithelial wall, permeate through the lung tissues and helps to target the lungs. The nanotechnology based diagnostic kits and therapeutics might lead us to stop this COVID-19. The nanotechnology-based formulation has ability to give promising vaccines because they are small in size and it will be act against viruses. So in future the nanotechnology has important role in fight against of COVID 19

BIORELEVANT DISSOLUTION MEDIA: ITS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTUTRE PERSPECTIVES

The landscape of dissolution media has been dynamically evolving with newer drugs entering the market among which most of them are either BCS class II or BCS class IV drugs exhibiting poor solubility. Conventional dissolution raises lot of doubts in the pharmaceutical industry owing to its composition which fails to adequately mimic in-vivo conditions. The effect of bile salts, enzymes are prevalent factors which are often neglected by conventional dissolution media. To overcome these hurdles biorelevant media was suggested by several research groups and several developments have been witnessed to maintain a proximity to the required in-vivo conditions during dissolution. Media such as simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, milk-based dissolution media (Ensure®) have been suggested for fast and fed state taking into the considerations several factors like pH, surfactant concentration, etc. The recent improvement has been on fast state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF- V2) where replacement of acetic acid by maleic acid is evident. Though biorelevant dissolution media has solved the primary hurdle of mimicking in-vivo conditions, it has still not been accepted as a quality control tool to test batch to batch consistency in pharmaceutical industry. The reasons being cost, time consumption and basic requirement of dissolution as test as discriminatory tool where biorelevant media fails at certain fronts where conventional dissolution passes fairly well. The use of surfactants like bile salts in biorelevant media shows increased dissolution profile of different batches and fails to discriminate between them. It is a common understanding that those compounds which show increased dissolution in conventional media are obvious to show better dissolution in biorelevant media. This is the reason why conventional media are preferred over biorelevant media during quality control evaluation and batch to batch variability tests to save cost and time. Biorelevant media are being used today majorly during developmental stages and still need to go a long way to be used as quality control tool

CHEWING GUM: A BOON FOR ORAL DRUG DELIVERY

Different types of formulations including; mouth wash, lozenges, gargles, mouth dissolving films and pellets, chewing gums, etc. are being used to combat bad breath. Chewing gums have been used as a means of cleansing teeth and for removing bad breath odor, since a very long time. The prevalent use of chewing gums by people of all age groups has prompted interest of formulations scientist towards manufacturing of chewing gums for different purposes. Chewing gums are preferred for delivering drugs for localized effect as medicated chewing gums. Herbal ingredients are known to have a very pleasant and persistent mouth feel, however their use in the form of chewing gums is least explored. In this review authors have tried to compile the basic concept of formulating chewing gum, its method of production, characterizing parameters, various applications in different areas, future scope.   &nbsp

HYDROGELS AS NOVEL ALTERNATIVE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The word \u27Hydrogel\u27 includes \u27Hydro\u27 and \u27Gel\u27 indicating gel like property and water solubility. Hydrogel formation includes combining together of monomer units to form cross linked structure which provides water insolubility. Hydrogel as a delivery system has gained wide acceptability due to its various applications. Based on the monomer used, hydrogel possess different properties and can be used for various diseases and disorders. Materials used for hydrogel formulation include Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyethylene oxide (PEO)and polysaccharides such as Chitosan, Cellulose, Agarose, Carragenan. Depending on the swelling behaviour, hydrogel can be used for different applications including controlled relase formulations The classification of hydrogel is based on the its physical, chemical, swelling, and source. Hydrogel based delivery system has application in effective management of various diseases of central nervous system like Alhzeimer; Parkinson\u27s; Tumor of spinal cord; Down\u27s syndrome and brain stroke. Different materials used in the formulation of the hydrogel provide different property thus making it suitable for management of different diseases and disorders besides central nervous system

DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT TABLETS OF CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE USING BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN

Objective: The objective of present study was to develop effervescent tablets of Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) for the treatment of dysphasia.Methods: Effervescent tablets were prepared by direct compression method and were optimized using box behnken design. Amount to sodium bicarbonate (X1), amount of tartaric acid (X2) and amount of fumaric acid (X3) were selected as independent variables, whereas disintegration time (Y1), amount of carbon dioxide (Y2) and drug release in 5 minutes (Y3) were selected as dependent variables. All the batches were also evaluated for general post compression evaluation of tablet such as-weight variation, thickness, friability and hardness. From the results of design batches, best batch was selected and evaluated for in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbit model.Results: The disintegration time ranged from 103.33 ± 0.24 sec to 157.00 ± 0.75 sec while amount of carbon dioxide ranged from 0.26±0.014 g to 2.03±0.056 g in all the design batches. From the results of design batches, batch B4 was selected as optimized batch due to higher amount of released carbon dioxide and faster drug release as compared to other batches. Batch B4 was showing higher AUC and Cmax while lower tmax as compared to drug suspension while performing in vivo study of optimized batch in rabbit model.Conclusion: The study concluded that the combination of sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid and fumaric acid approach for development of effervescent tablet aids to achieve faster disintegration and faster drug release property for CPM.Â

Smart Walking System based on Artificial Intelligence

This paper shows the smart walking stick based on ultrasonic sensors and Arduino for outwardly debilitated individuals. There are roughly 37 million individuals over the globe who are visually impaired as indicated by the World Health Organization. Individuals with visual inabilities are regularly subjected to outer help which can be given by people, trained dogs, or electronic gadgets as supportive networks for basic assistance. Thus, this played as the motivation to develop a smart cane white stick to survive these restrictions which includes ultrasonic sensors at particular positions to the stick that gave data about nature to the client by initiating the signal sound and vibrations. We proposed minimal effort and light weight framework structured with micro controller that processes signal and alerts the visually impaired person over any obstacle, water or dark areas through beeping sounds or vibrations. The system comprises of obstacle and moisture detection sensors for process of receiving, processing and sending signals to the alarm system which finally alerts the user for prompt action. The system was designed, programmed using Java language and tried for exactness by the visually impaired. Our gadget can recognize obstacle inside the separation of around 2m from the client

INHALED FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE DRY POWDER FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA

Dry powder inhaler has become an attractive platform for pulmonary drug delivery. Dry powder inhalers are commonly used to treat asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Dry powder inhalers chiefly consist of micronized drug admixed with the carrier particles which aid in the flow of the drug in the respiratory tract. The dry powder formulations of  fluticasone propionate were prepared with different coarse and fine lactose grades such as Respitose® SV003, Respitose® SV010, Respitose® ML001, Respitose® ML006 and Lactohale® LH 230, Inhalac® 230 and Inhalac® 400 and evaluated for flow properties, emitted and fine particle dose, content and blend uniformity. The final coarse and fine lactose grades were Inhalac® 230 and Inhalac® 400 based on the flow properties. 32 factorial design was applied for the formulation optimization. The final device used was Breezhaler®. The optimized batch showed a fine particle fraction of 8.99 ± 3.71 with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3.40 ± 0.02 thus showing the efficiency of dry powder inhalers in the delivery of fluticasone propionate deep into the lungs

Rationalized Approach for Formulation and Optimization of Ebastine Microemulsion Using Design Expert for Solubility Enhancement

Ebastine is available as an oral antihistamine formula for allergic disorders such as tablets and syrup. Oral ebastine causes unfavorable effects on heart like QT prolongation, severe gastric distress, decreased tear production, resulting in dryness of the ocular surface, which exacerbates ocular discomfort and increasing susceptibility of eye to irritation. To avoid systemic side effects and ocular discomfort, topical ocular therapy could prove to be superior to systemic therapy in treating ocular allergies. Hence, topical formulation was developed to achieve onsite exposure of ebastine for ocular allergies. Moreover, conjunctiva is more accessible to hydrophilic molecules than lipophilic molecules. This creates challenge for a lipophilic molecule such as ebastine for topical ocular development. Successful dissolution of ebastine in o/w microemulsion allows its use in more convenient soluble form. Initially, solubility of drug in various oils, surfactant and cosurfactant was determined, followed by pseudo-ternary phase diagram to find microemulsion area. The D-optimal mixture design was employed for optimization of formulation. The optimized microemulsion formulation was characterized for its transparency, drug content, droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, isotonicity, osmolarity and surface tension etc. The optimum physicochemical properties were observed to be eye-fitting. Carboxy methyl cellulose and sodium hyaluronate were used as gelling agents at different concentrations to increase residential time at the site of action. In vitro drug release study revealed that ebastine release from microemulsion gel in a sustained manner up to 24 hrs. for the purpose of providing prolonged therapy for ocular allergy. Hence, prepared microemulsion had great potential as an alternative to customary oral formulations of poorly soluble drug. Keywords:  Ebastine, Microemulsion, D-optimal mixture design, Solubilit

Preparation and Evaluation of Taste Masked Quick Dissolving Film of Lornoxicam

HRheumatoid arthritis is the chronic painful disease of joint destruction and functional disability needing immediate action with patient compliance. Pain relieving Quick dissolving film (QDF) will be an accurate patient acceptable solution for this condition. Lornoxicam (LXM) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with half life 3-5 hours, complete absorption from GIT (90-100%) having advantage from a tolerability standpoint. LXM has bitter taste thus to improve the palatability, the drug was complexed with Beta Cyclodextrin in different ratios using kneading method by optimizing the kneading time. Taste evaluation was done by human volunteer and UV method. The optimized drug-beta cyclodextrin complex was incorporated in QDF by solvent casting technique using PVA: Pullulan as polymers and PEG 400 as plasticizer. The optimization of concentration of PVA: Pullulan and PEG 400 was done by 32 factorial design to observe its effect on disintegration time, drug release in 20 minutes, tensile strength and folding endurance as dependent variable. The optimized batch QDF1 gave disintegration in 22 second and 98 % drug release in 20 minutes with suitable strength and flexibility. It can be concluded that the development of Quick dissolving film of Lornoxicam could give quick relief from the pain of rheumatoid arthritis with greater compliance compared to other conventional dosage forms.</jats:p