TRAIL receptor signaling and therapeutic option in bone tumors: the trap of the bone microenvironment

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10) has been reported to specifically induce malignant cell death being relatively nontoxic to normal cells. Since its identification 15 years ago, the antitumor activity and therapeutic value of TRAIL have been extensively studied. Five receptors quickly emerged, two of them being able to induce programmed cell death in tumor cells. This review takes a comprehensive look at this ligand and its receptors, and its potential role in primary bone tumors (osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma) therapy. The main limit of clinical use of TRAIL being the innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, different possibilities to sensitize resistant cells are discussed in this review, together with the impact of bone microenvironment in the regulation of TRAIL activity

Fish Domestication: An Overview

The first trials of fish farming date back about 3500 years. Yet, this is only in the 1980s that the exponential development of aquaculture occurred, driven by the strong demand for aquatic products, whereas global capture fisheries started decreasing. The strong increase of aquaculture production has relied chiefly on the domestication of an increasing number of fish species. Nevertheless, only a limited number has reached a high level of domestication. The aim of this chapter is to describe the domestication history of five of the main farmed fish species globally in which all have reached Level 5 and one example that has reached Level 2 only. These six species were chosen because enough scientific literature was available to describe their domestication history that allows illustrating both ancient and recent fish domestication

Wildlife Conservation: Is Domestication a Solution?

Biodiversity is facing a major crisis, which is most often described as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction. Several solutions have been proposed to save threatened animal species, among which ex situ conservation or captive breeding, which is the essential part of a process called domestication. The main goals of the present chapter are to define clearly what domestication is, describe what the possible consequences are and discuss whether it can truly play a significant role to save threatened animal species. Domestication appears as a possible tool to help saving threatened species. Nevertheless, the time in captive conditions has to be minimized in order to modify as less as possible wild individuals. Therefore, zoos and aquariums can play a crucial role in helping to save the most endangered species and then restore their populations in the wild, but only if they are involved in both in situ and ex situ conservation programs. More importantly, domestication should be considered as part of the solution, but not the only one, to save threatened species. The protection of wild animals in situ, the restoration of habitats and the development of reserves should first be considered

Animal Domestication: A Brief Overview

In the origin of modern humans, hunting of wild animals and gathering of wild plants in nature were the primary subsistence strategies. Yet, about 12,000 years ago, the domestication of plants and animals began. The two main goals of the present chapter are to briefly describe (i) how wild animals were domesticated and (ii) what are the main biological consequences for the major farmed species (cattle, pig, sheep, goat, and horse). During about 98% of their domestication history, domestic animals have been managed in a sustainable way by farmers, followed by a period of strong selection about 200 years ago to produce hundreds of well-defined breeds. A few decades ago, the selection pressures have further increased, leading to a few industrial breeds, which were introduced in numerous countries, most often at the expense of local breeds. Within a few decades, we thus might lose most of the highly valuable farm animal genetic resources that humans have gradually selected over the past millennia. Consequently, priorities should be given to preserve the genetic resources in marginal or rare breeds, and selection programs should aim at restoring the genetic diversity in industrial breeds

Domestifikacija riba: moraju li sve gajene vrste biti domestifikovane?

The agricultural world today is dominated by a few mammal species that were domesticated over the past 12 000 years (Diamond, 2002). In particular, the five major species (cattle, pig, sheep, goat and horse) represent nearly 94% of mammalian livestock today. As a result, a clear dichotomy now exists between the numerous wild (from hunting) and the few domesticated mammals (produced in farms) used for human consumption. Similar to agriculture, aquaculture is often viewed as the only solution that can provide more seafood given that harvesting wild marine stocks are either stabilizing or more probably declining since the late 1980s (Watson and Pauly, 2001; FAO, 2012). Indeed, it is unlikely that fisheries will be able to supply more aquatic food products than today, ca. 90 million tones per year, including both marine and inland captures (FAO, 2012). Yet, compared to agriculture, aquaculture is a considerably younger sector that relies strongly on natural sources to farm numerous species with various production levels (Bostock et al., 2010; Jobling, 2010).Among the 313 species or group of species recorded in the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database in 2009, which have been farmed at one time since 1950, 28.4% were no longer being produced in 2009 and 17.9% produced less than 100 t. Only 12.1% produced more than 100 000 t (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). In addition, and more importantly, the duration of consecutive production recorded in the FAO database was very short for most species or groups of species, only one year for 10.2% and from two to five years for 15.3%; only 18.8% have been farmed for more than 40 years (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). To better describe the various strategies for fish production (Ottolenghi et al., 2004; Welcomme et al., 2010; Klinger et al., 2013), a new classification comprising five levels of “domestication” with 1 being the least to 5 being the most domesticated was recently proposed (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Among the 250 species recorded in the FAO database in 2009 (i.e., excluding group of species), 39 belong to the level 1 (first trials of acclimatization to the culture environment, e.g., Anguilla rostrata, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, 75 to the level 2 (also known as capture-based aquaculture, e.g., Thunnus thynnus, Aspius aspius), 61 to the level 3 (entire life cycle closed in captivity with wild inputs, e.g., Solea senegalensis, Rutilus rutilus), 45 to the level 4 (entire life cycle closed in captivity without wild inputs, e.g., Pagrus pagrus, Sander lucioperca), and 30 to the level 5 (selective breeding programme is used focusing on specific goal, e.g., Salmo salar, Cyprinus carpio). As of now, 70% of the 250 species listed in the FAO belong to the first three levels of domestication thatdepend on the availability of wild resource (Ottolenghi et al., 2004). In contrast, only a few species, or more accurately populations, can be considered truly domesticated (Balon, 2004;Bilio, 2008), i.e., an animal selectively bred in captivity and modified from its wild ancestors making it more useful to humans who control the animal’s breeding and food supply (Clutton-Brock, 1999), similar to cattle or sheep. Based on this new classification, one may ask iffarmed species must be domesticated to reach a significant production, or in other terms, whether the levels of production and domestication are positively correlated.Danas u poljoprivredi dominira nekoliko vrsta sisara koje su domestifikovane pre više od 12 000 godina (Diamond, 2002). Pet najprisutnijih vrsta (goveda, svinje, ovce, koze i konji) danas predstavljaju skoro 94% stoke sisara. Kao posledica toga, danas postoji jasna razlika između brojnih divljih (iz lova) i nekoliko domestifikovanih vrsta (proizvedenih na farmama) kojima se čovek hrani. Slično poljoprivredi, na akvakulturu se često gleda kao na jedino rešenje koje može da obezbedi više hrane iz mora obzirom da je ulov marinskih vrsta ili stabilizovan ili u opadanju od kasnih osamdesetih godina prošlog veka (Watson and Pauly, 2001; FAO, 2012). I zaista, malo je verovatno da će ribarstvo biti u mogućnosti da proizvede vise morskih prehrambenih proizvoda nego danas, ca. 90 miliona tona godisnje, uključujući i mora i kopnene vode (FAO, 2012). Ipak, u poređenju sa poljoprivredom, akvakultura je značajno mlađi sektor koji se veoma oslanja na prirodne izvore u proizvodnji brojnih vrsta sa promenljivim nivoom proizvodnje (Bostock et al., 2010; Jobling, 2010). Od 313 vrsta ili grupa vrsta koje su zabeležene u bazi podataka Organizacije za hranu i poljoprivredu Ujedinjenih Nacija (FAO) iz 2009-te godine a koje su gajene od 1950te, 28.4% se više nije proizvodilo u 2009. godini a 17.9% imalo je proizvodnju nižu od 100 tona. Samo 12.1% vrsta ima proizvodnju višu od 100 000 tona (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Staviše, trajanje konsekutivne proizvodnje zabeležene u FAO-voj bazi podataka bilo je veoma kratko za većinu vrsta ili grupa vrsta: samo jedna godina za 10.2% i od dve do pet godina za 15.3%. Samo je 18.8% bilo gajeno više od četrdeset godina (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Da bi se bolje opisale različite strategije proizvodnje ribe (Ottolenghi et al., 2004; Welcomme et al., 2010; Klinger et al., 2013), nedavno je predložena nova klasifikacija koja se sastoji od pet nivoa “domestifikacije”, gde je 1 oznaka za najmanje a 5 oznaka za najviše domestifikovane vrste (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Od 250 vrsta zabeleženih u FAO-voj bazi podataka iz 2009-te (osim isključenih vrsta), 39 pripada nivou 1 (prvi pokušaji privikavanja na uzgojnu sredinu, npr. Anguilla rostrata; Scardinius erythrophthalmus), 75 pripada nivou 2 (ovaj nivo se takođe naziva ‘akvakultura bazirana na ulovu’, npr. Thunnus thynnus, Aspius aspius), 61 vrsta pripada nivou 3 (one vrste koje su ceo zivot zatočene, sa novim vrstama iz divljine, npr Solea senegalensis, Rutilus rutilus), 45 pripada nivou 4 (one vrste koje su ceo život zatočene, bez novih vrsta iz divljine, npr. Pagrus pagrus, Sander lucioperca), i 30 pripada nivou 5 (program selektivnog gajenja koji ima određen cilj, npr. Salmo salar, Cyprinus carpio). Od danas, 70% od 250 vrsta riba koje se nalaze na FAO-voj listi spadaju u prva tri nivoa domestifikacije koja zavise od dostupnosti divljih resursa (Ottolenghi et al., 2004). Nasuprot tome, samo nekoliko vrsta, ili tačnije populacija, se mogu smatrati potpuno domestifikovanim (Balon, 2004; Bilio, 2008), npr. životinja selektivno gajena u zatočeništvu i izmenjena u odnosu na svoje pretke je veoma značajna za ljude koji kontrolišu gajenje životinja i njihovu ishranu (Clutton-Brock, 1999), slično govedima i ovcama. Zasnovano na ovoj novoj klasifikaciji, možemo se zapitati da li gajene vrste moraju biti domestifikovane da bi dostigle značajni nivo proizvodnje? Ili, drugim rečima, da li su nivoi proizvodnje i domestifikacija u pozitivnoj korelaciji

Alien Fish Species in France with Emphasis on the Recent Invasion of Gobies

Introduction of alien species constitutes worldwide one of the major threats to biodiversity, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. In France, the number of alien aquatic plant and animal species has increased exponentially over time in freshwater ecosystems and shows no sign of decreasing. For fish only, more than 40 alien species have been either voluntary or involuntary introduced in the past decades. About two-thirds are still present today and at least 26 are naturalized. As in many European countries, the fish introduction history in France switched from voluntary introduction in the nineteenth century (aquaculture, sport fishing, and management of ecosystems) to unintentional but human-aided introductions (aquarium trade and global ship transport). The negative impacts of alien species on native species and ecosystems are most often unknown in France and needs further studies to develop a functional policy on alien species introductions and the protection of aquatic ecosystems integrity. The information gathered allow discussing the possible reasons explaining whether an alien species is able or not to establish sustainable populations in France and thereafter became invasive, such as gobies recently arrived

Pro-osteoclastic In Vitro Effect of Polyethylene-like Nanoparticles: Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Implant Aseptic Loosening.

Polyethylene micro-sized wear particles released from orthopaedic implants promote inflammation and osteolysis; however, less is known about the bioactivity of polyethylene nano-sized wear particles released from the last generation of polymer-bearing surfaces. We aim to assess the internalization of fluorescent polyethylene-like nanoparticles by both human macrophages and osteoclasts and also, to determine their effects in osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Human macrophages and osteoclasts were incubated with several ratios of fluorescent polyethylene-like nanoparticles between 1-72 hours, and 4 hours, 2, 4, 6 and 9 days respectively. The internalization of nanoparticles was quantified by flow cytometry and followed by both confocal and video time-lapse microscopy. Osteoclast differentiation and activity was semi-quantified by Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) staining, TRAP mRNA relative expression and pit resorption assay respectively. Macrophages, osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts internalized nanoparticles in a dose- and time-dependent manner and maintained their resorptive activity. In addition, nanoparticles significantly increased the osteoclastogenesis as shown by up-regulation of the TRAP expressing cell number. We conclude that polyethylene-like nano-sized wear particles promote osteoclast differentiation without alteration of bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts and they could be considered as important actors in periprosthetic osteolysis of the last new generation of polymer-bearing surfaces. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Domestication of the Eurasian Perch (<em>Perca fluviatilis</em>)

The farming of percids (Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis, pikeperch Sander lucioperca) has progressively become a diversification path of European inland aquaculture in the past 25 years. This required the domestication of wild or pseudowild (coming from polyculture ponds) populations. Considering the history of Eurasian perch, this domestication can be subdivided into four main successive parts: (1) a short initial prospective period (bibliographical analysis, market analysis, etc.), (2) a first experimental period to acquire basic data that notably resulted in the choice of the rearing system and commercial feeds, (3) a second experimental period allowing to get an in-depth knowledge on each of the main phase of the life cycle of this species (control of the life cycle in rearing conditions), and (4) a third experimental period, still ongoing, of optimization of rearing practices. This chapter allows understanding the domestication framework of this species and better understanding the role of different actors in the decision-making. In the future, the farming of this species is likely to rely on a larger diversity of rearing systems; a key issue is to study the interactions between species-rearing system. How different domestication trajectories or paths (intratrajectories variability) will affect global performances of Eurasian perch remains an open question

Non-traditional platinum compounds for improved accumulation, oral bioavailability, and tumor targeting

The five platinum anticancer compounds currently in clinical use conform to structure–activity relationships formulated (M. J. Cleare and J. D. Hoeschele, Bioinorg. Chem., 1973, 2, 187–210) shortly after the discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cisplatin, has antitumor activity in mice. These compounds are neutral platinum(II) species with two am(m)ine ligands or one bidentate chelating diamine and two additional ligands that can be replaced by water through aquation reactions. The resulting cations ultimately form bifunctional adducts on DNA. Information about the chemistry of these platinum compounds and correlations of their structures with anticancer activity have provided guidance for the design of novel anticancer drug candidates based on the proposed mechanisms of action. This article discusses advances in the synthesis and evaluation of such non-traditional platinum compounds, including cationic and tumor-targeting constructs.National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Grant CA34992

Is a cannibal different from its conspecifics? A behavioural, morphological, muscular and retinal structure study with pikeperch juveniles under farming conditions

Cannibalism is defined as the act of killing and consuming the whole, or major part, of an individual belonging to the same species, irrespective of its stage of development. Intra-cohort cannibalism in fish larval or juvenile stages, which is a major economic problem, has been widely studied in captive fish populations. In our study, we investigated the influence of animal personality (with cross-maze and conspecific choice tests) on intra-cohort cannibalism using pikeperch Sander lucioperca as a model species. Furthermore, we investigated the morphological (geometric morphological analysis) and anatomical (histological analysis of retinal and muscle tissue sections) differences between cannibal (C) fish (TL = 34.6 ± 9.4 mm, n = 25) and conspecific fish randomly sampled from rearing tanks, herein called ‘potential non-cannibal fish’ (PNC) (TL = 31.4 ± 10.5 mm, n = 42). We did not find any behavioural differences (swimming activity, exploration, conspecific choice) between cannibal and potential non-cannibal fish that could explain asynchrony in the onset of cannibalism. Moreover, we did not observe any morphological differences between the two groups (C and PNC fish). However, we did detect anatomical differences in two retinal layers (ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer) that were thicker for cannibals. These two layers are involved in the collection of information by photoreceptors and allow the shapes, colours and movements of objects to be detected in the water column. The onset of cannibalism therefore appears to be linked to environmental condition-dependent individual development, with some individuals exhibiting precocious anatomical, and probably physiological, development, rather than to individual personality.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio