Parastrophic invariance of Smarandache quasigroups

The study of the Smarandache concept in groupoids was initiated by W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy in [18]. In her book and first paper on Smarandache concept in loops, she defined a Smarandache loop as a loop with at least a subloop which forms a subgroup under the binary operation of the loop

A Pair of Smarandachely Isotopic Quasigroups and Loops of the Same Variety

The isotopic invariance or universality of types and varieties of quasigroups and loops described by one or more equivalent identities has been of interest to researchers in loop theory in the recent past. A variety of quasigroups(loops) that are not universal have been found to be isotopic invariant relative to a special type of isotopism or the other. Presently, there are two outstanding open problems on universality of loops: semi automorphic inverse property loops(1999) and Osborn loops(2005). Smarandache isotopism(S-isotopism) was originally introduced by Vasantha Kandasamy in 2002. But in this work, the concept is re-restructured in order to make it more explorable. As a result of this, the theory of Smarandache isotopy inherits the open problems as highlighted above for isotopy. In this short note, the question 'Under what type of S-isotopism will a pair of S-quasigroups(S-loops) form any variety?' is answered by presenting a pair of specially S-isotopic S-quasigroups(loops) that both belong to the same variety of S-quasigroups(S-loops). This is important because pairs of specially S-isotopic S-quasigroups(e.g Smarandache cross inverse property quasigroups) that are of the same variety are useful for applications(e.g cryptography).Comment: 10 page

Palindromic permutations and generalized Smarandache palindromic permutations

The idea of left(right) palindromic permutations(LPPs,RPPs) and left(right) generalized Smarandache palindromic permutations(LGSPPs,RGSPPs) are introduced in symmetric groups S_n of degree n. It is shown that in S_n, there exist a LPP and a RPP and they are unique(this fact is demonstrated using S_2 and S_3). The dihedral group D_n is shown to be generated by a RGSPP and a LGSPP(this is observed to be true in S_3) but the geometric interpretations of a RGSPP and a LGSPP are found not to be rotation and reflection respectively. In S_3, each permutation is at least a RGSPP or a LGSPP. There are 4 RGSPPs and 4 LGSPPs in S_3, while 2 permutations are both RGSPPs and LGSPPs. A permutation in S_n is shown to be a LPP or RPP(LGSPP or RGSPP) if and only if its inverse is a LPP or RPP(LGSPP or RGSPP) respectively. Problems for future studies are raised.Comment: 14 page