Acoustic waves in multifractional gas mixture with the inclusion of different materials and dimensions without Phase Transformations

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. The propagation of acoustic waves in mixtures of gas and particle fractions of different materials and sizes is studied. A mathematical model is presented, the dispersion equation is obtained, dispersion curves are calculated. The influence of the particle size and the parameters of the dispersed phase for multifractional gas mixture with ice particles, aluminum and sand on dissipation and dispersion of sound waves is analyzed. A comparison with experiment is conducted

Acoustic wave propagation in multifraction gas suspensions

© 2015, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. We investigate propagation of acoustic waves in gas mixtures with fractions of various materials and size particles. We propose a mathematical model; obtain the dispersion relations, the equilibrium and the frozen sound velocity, and the lowand the high-frequency asymptotes of the linear attenuation coefficient; and calculate the dispersion curves. We also analyze the influence of the particle size and the disperse phase parameters on the acoustic wave dissipation and dispersion for a multifraction gas suspension with sand, aluminum, and sand particles. The calculation results are compared to the experiment

Cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains a tightly regulated immune system. However, knowledge is lacking about how CSF immunity is altered with aging or neurodegenerative disease. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on CSF from 45 cognitively normal subjects ranging from 54 to 82 years old. We uncovered an upregulation of lipid transport genes in monocytes with age. We then compared this cohort with 14 cognitively impaired subjects. In cognitively impaired subjects, downregulation of lipid transport genes in monocytes occurred concomitantly with altered cytokine signaling to CD8 T cells. Clonal CD8 T effector memory cells upregulated C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) in cognitively impaired subjects. The CXCR6 ligand, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), was elevated in the CSF of cognitively impaired subjects, suggesting CXCL16-CXCR6 signaling as a mechanism for antigen-specific T cell entry into the brain. Cumulatively, these results reveal cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment

Rehabilitation strategies for older patients with pain syndromes based on their perceptions of their conditions

Elderly patients more often than otherage groups have pain in combination witti anxiety and depressive disorders. Objective: to define the frequency of pain and its combination with anxiety and depression in older patients treated in multidepartment hospital for optimization of rehabilitation strategies and individual approach to therapy based on the patient"s perception of their illness. Materials and methods: we included 60 hospitalized patients older than 60 years and 119 patients as a control group (ages 18 to 60 years). A comprehensive pain assessment estimated by the questionnaire, anxiety and/or depressive disorders were studied using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Beck Scale of Depression and test of Spilberger- Khanin. Results: 80% of older patients experienced pain at the moment of the study; 53.33% of patients showed highly elevated reactive anxiety, 76.67% of cases had high scores of personal anxiety. Depression according to HADS was detected in 58.33%, according to Beck Depression Scale - in 90% of older patients. Anxiety symptoms were revealed in 76,67% of older patients. Patients who suffered from pain every day, in 91,67% cases had anxiety symptoms, most of them showed high scores of reactive and personal anxiety (63,8% and 88,89% accordingly). Most of the patients (69,94%), who experienced pain every day during last three months, had severe and moderate symptoms of depression according to Beck scale. Conclusion: Elderly patients have higher levels of anxiety, can be more sensitive to the disease and prone to disasterization their condition. Assessment of psychological status should be considered in pain management of older patients. We recommend to assess anxiety-and-depressive disorders for every old patient with chronic pain and use her/his personal results in individual rehabilitation strategy.У пожилых пациентов чаще, чем в других возрастных группах, встречаются боль в сочетании с тревожно-депрессивными расстройствами. Цель исследования: выявление частоты встречаемости боли у пожилых пациентов многопрофильного стационара и ее сочетания с тревогой и депрессией для оптимизации реабилитационных подходов и индивидуального подхода к терапии с учетом восприятия пациентом своего заболевания. Материалы и методы: исследовано 60 пациентов стационара старше 60 лет и 119 в качестве группы контроля (возраст от 18 до 60 лет). Комплексная оценка боли проведена с помощью анкеты -опросника, наличие тревожных и/или депрессивных расстройств определялось с помощью Госпитальной шкалы тревоги и депрессии (HADS), шкалы депрессии Бэка, теста Спилбергера- Ханина. Результаты: Боль на момент исследования испытывали 80% пожилых пациентов: высокий уровень реактивной тревожности отмечен у 53,33%, личностной - у 76,67% пожилых пациентов. По шкале HADS симптомы тревоги выявлены у 76,67%, депрессии - у 58,33%, а по шкале Бэка депрессия была у 90% пожилых пациентов. Пациенты, испытывавшие боль каждый день, в 91,67% случаев имели проявления тревоги, у большинства из них отмечались высокие уровни реактивной и личностной тревожности (63,8% и 88,89% соответственно). Большая часть пациентов (69,44%), испытывавших боль каждый день в течение последних трех месяцев, имели тяжелые, выраженные и умеренные показатели депрессии по шкале Бэка Заключение: С учетом того, что пожилые пациенты имеют высокий уровень тревожности, могут более остро реагировать на болезнь, склонны к катастрофизации своего состояния, при диагностике и лечении болевого синдрома у них необходимо всегда учитывать особенности психического статуса. Каждому пожилому пациенту с хроническим болевым синдромом мы рекомендуем проводить диагностику тревожно-депрессивных состояний и учитывать полученные результаты при разработке индивидуальной стратегии реабилитации

Selective Catalytic Etherification of Glycerol Formal and Solketal with Dialkyl Carbonates and K2CO3

At T ≥ 200 ◦ C,in the presence of K2CO3 as a catalyst, an original etherification procedure of non-toxic acetals such as glycerol formal (GlyF) and solketal has been investigated by using dialkyl carbonates as safe alkylating agents. The effects of parameters including the temperature, the reaction time, and the loading of both the catalyst and the dialkyl carbonate have been detailed for the model case of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Both GlyF and solketal were efficiently alkylated by DMC to produce the corresponding O-methyl ethers with selectivity up to 99% and excellent yields (86–99%, by GC). The high selectivity could be accounted for by a mechanistic study involving a combined sequence of methylation, carboxymethylation, decarboxylation and hydrolysis processes. The O-methylation of GlyF and solketal could be successfully scaled up for multigram synthesis even operating with a moderate excess (5 molar equiv.) of DMC and in the absence of additional solvent. Notwithstanding the advantageous reduction of the process mass index, scale up experiments provided evidence that prolonged reaction times may induce the decomposition of DMC mainly by the loss of CO2.TheK2CO3-catalyzed etherification of solketal with other carbonates such as dibenzyl and diethyl carbonate (DBnC and DEC, respectively), proceeded with the same good selectivity observed for DMC. However, at 220 ◦ C, the solketal conversion did not exceed 81% since both DBnC and DEC were extensively consumed in competitive decarboxylation and hydrolysis reactions

The influence of parental attitudes on the formation of the personality of a minor with delinquent behavior

The article considers the parental attitude as one of the main factors influencing the formation of the personality of a juvenile delinquent with delinquent behavior. The concept of "parental relationship" and its structure are studied. The author analyzes the features of destructive parental attitudes, such as shortcomings in the educational process, emotional alienation of parents, low moral level of families, deviant motherhood.&#x0D; The differences in the structure of the maternal and paternal relationship are determined. The features of negative relations between parents and minors are described, such as inconsistency, coldness, aloofness, inconsistency, disrespect, and misunderstanding. The authors also consider the causes of deviant motherhood, which consist in psychiatric and intellectual disorders of young women, resulting from violence, abuse in childhood, improper upbringing, as well as due to the influence of social factors, such as the low level of education of women, poverty, and unemployment.&#x0D; The article is written on the basis of a study conducted on the basis of the methodology for diagnosing parental attitudes developed by A. Ya. Varga and V. V. Stolin, parents of minors with law-abiding and delinquent behavior took part in the survey.&#x0D; As a result of the study, it was found that parents treated minors with delinquent behavior more coldly, distanced and alienated, and showed little attention to their lives than to law-abiding minors.</jats:p

Features of the formation of the personality of a minor offender

The interest in the problems of the personality of juvenile offenders is primarily explained by the number of offenses and crimes committed by minors. At the same time, particularly dangerous crimes take place in the structure of crimes, such as. Like murder, rape, robbery, vandalism and others. In this regard, special attention is required to study the personality of the offender, those features and properties that contribute to the commission of such crimes, as well as the nature of the interaction of this person with the micro and macro environment.&#x0D; The article analyzes the socio-psychological personality traits of a minor offender, regardless of the type of offense.&#x0D; Despite the differences in the motives and methods of committing various offenses, they are primarily characterized by 1) the antisocial orientation of the individual; 2) the resulting ability to a certain aggressive / illegal / criminal action in relation to a particular object; 3) the presence of an appropriate environmental situation.</jats:p