Latent acetylcholinesterase in secretory vesicles isolated from adrenal medulla

A new procedure is described for the preparation of highly purified and stable secretory vesicles from adrenal medulla. Two forms of acetylcholinesterase, a membrane bound form as well as a soluble form, were found within these vesicles. The secretory vesicles, isolated by differential centrifugation, were further purified on a continuous isotonic Percoll™ gradient. In this way, secretory vesicles were separated from mitochondrial, microsomal and cell membrane contamination. The secretory vesicles recovered from the gradient contained an average of 2.26 μmol adrenalin/mg protein. On incubation for 30 min at 37°C in media differing in ionic strength, pH, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentration, the vesicles released less than 20% of total adrenalin. Acetylcholinesterase could hardly be detected in the secretory vesicle fraction when assayed in isotonic media. However, in hypotonic media (<400 mosmol/kg) or in Triton X-100 (0.2% final concentration) acetylcholinesterase activity was markedly higher. During hypotonic treatment or when secretory vesicles were specifically lyzed with 2 mM Mg2+ and 2 mM ATP, adrenalin as well as part of acetylcholinesterase was released from the vesicular content. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis this soluble enzyme exhibited the same electrophoretic mobility as the enzyme released into the perfusate from adrenal glands upon stimulation. In addition to the soluble enzyme a membrane bound form of acetylcholinesterase exists within secretory vesicles, which sediments with the secretory vesicle membranes and exhibits a different electrophoretic mobility compared to the soluble enzyme. It is concluded, that the soluble enzyme found within isolated secretory vesicles is secreted via exocytosis, whilst the membrane-bound form is transported to the cell membrane during this process, contributing to the biogenesis of the cell membrane

Distribution of chromaffin secretory vesicles, acetylcholinesterase, and lysosomal enzymes in sucrose and percoll gradients

Crude chromaffin secretory vesicles, obtained by differential centrifugation, were further purified on isotonic (Percoll) gradients. The chromaffin vesicle fractions recovered from the gradients contain acetylcholinesterase as well as lysosomal enzymes. With the aid of a subsequent sucrose gradient lysosomal enzymes could be removed from chromaffin vesicle fractions, but not acetylcholinesterase. This suggests that lysosomal enzymes do not pass through the chromaffin vesicles during the biogenesis of lysosomes but acetylcholinesterase does

Et kollektiv av selvstendige kunstarter : Bertolt Brechts scenekunstmodell i lys av Weimarrepublikkens revolusjonære arbeidermusikkteater

Norges musikkhøgskole. Masteroppgave. Anvendt musikkteoriI oppgaven har jeg behandlet mellomkrigstidens arbeidermusikkteater og Bertolt Brechts scenekunstmodell ut fra en tilnærming som ser på sammenhengene mellom politiske og kunstneriske aspekter. Jeg har forsøkt å undersøke hvordan ønske om politisk virkning eller funksjon har ført til en bestemt utforming av kunsten, og hvordan kunsten så har virket politisk. Metoden har vært nyttig for å få fram sammenhengene mellom kunstnernes politiske motivasjon og kunstneriske fornyelser. Det har vært mulig å se detaljert på hvordan de kunstneriske omveltningene i perioden kom som reaksjoner på store hendelser som første verdenskrig, revolusjonen og Weimarrepublikken ustabilitet. I det proletære teateret, talekoret, Piscators revyer og agitpropbevegelsen har tydelig grunnleggende politiske motivasjonene vært utslagsgivende for kulturuttrykkenes utforming. Det samme gjelder Brecht og Eislers samarbeid. Arbeiderbevegelsens sosiale og økonomiske betingelser har også hatt stor innflytelse. Dette gjelder stykkenes nye dramaturgi, de nye performative situasjonene og rommene, den nye funksjonelle kunstforståelsen og de nye temaene. Denne kunstneriske fornyelsen lar seg ikke forklare uten bevegelseskonteksten den oppstår i og kunstnernes politiske motivasjon

Lean Startup: A success factor? A quantitative study of how use of the Lean Startup framework affects the success of Norwegian high-tech startups.

Lean Startup is a framework for entrepreneurship that has gained considerable popularity among entrepreneurs, yet the framework has not been thoroughly scrutinized in academic circles. This thesis aims to fill this gap in two ways. First, by comparing Lean Startup to more established models on entrepreneurship in a theoretical perspective. Second, by conducting an empirical study of how Lean Startup influences entrepreneurial success in practice. In our theoretical review, we found that while Lean Startup has a more specific focus than the other theories reviewed, the guidelines it proposes are also present in older theories. In our opinion, the biggest contribution of Lean Startup is making entrepreneurship theory more accessible to entrepreneurs. The empirical study was conducted using a quantitative research design, and corroborated the findings from the theoretical review: There was no significant correlation between use of Lean Startup and the likelihood of achieving success

Arbeidsgivers adgang til å inndrive tilbakebetalingskrav mot arbeidstaker med grunnlag i generell forhåndsavtale om lønnstrekk

MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJURMAJUR-

Dihydrolipoic acid reduces cytochrome b561 proteins.

Cytochrome b561 (Cyt-b561) proteins constitute a family of trans-membrane proteins that are present in a wide variety of organisms. Two of their characteristic properties are the reducibility by ascorbate (ASC) and the presence of two distinct b-type hemes localized on two opposite sides of the membrane. Here we show that the tonoplast-localized and the putative tumor suppressor Cyt-b561 proteins can be reduced by other reductants than ASC and dithionite. A detailed spectral analysis of the ASC-dependent and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)-dependent reduction of these two Cyt-b561 proteins is also presented. Our results are discussed in relation to the known antioxidant capability of DHLA as well as its role in the regeneration of other antioxidant compounds of cells. These results allow us to speculate on new biological functions for the trans-membrane Cyt-b561 proteins

Prosjektere en mann over bord-båt og studere tiltak som kan forenkle strukturen.

Hensikten med denne oppgaven er å prosjektere en mann over bord-båt. Det vil bli sett på hvilke endringer som kan forenkle produksjonen. Det er mange komponenter i en slik båt, i denne oppgaven ligger fokus på hvordan produksjonen av strukturen kan forenkles. Oppgaven består av to faser, den første tar for seg en komplett prosjektering av båten. Dette gjøres i henhold til det regelverk som gjelder for en slik båt. Den andre fasen består av ulike forenklinger som sammenlignes med strukturen fra fase 1. Disse forenklingene skal ikke gå utover båtens evne til å stå imot ytre påkjenninger. Forenklingene reduserer materialkostnadene med 5% og sveiselengden med 28%. Strukturen forenkles ved at det fjernes 56 strukturelementer. Dette kan gjøre det lettere å implementere robotproduksjon.The purpose of this task is to design a man overboard boat. We will investigate changes that can simplify the production. There are many components in a man overboard boat. In this thesis, the focus is how to simplify the construction for production. The thesis consists of two phases, the first addresses a complete design of the boat. This design is done in accordance with the regulations that apply to such a boat. The second phase consists of various simplifications, these are compared with the structure from the first phase. The simplification reduces material costs by 5% and weld length by 28%. We have also managed to remove 56 structural elements. The simplifications can make it easier to implement robot production

The Biochemical and Cellular Basis for Nutraceutical Strategies to Attenuate Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease

Future therapeutic intervention that could effectively decelerate the rate of degeneration within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) could add years of mobility and reduce morbidity associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neurodegenerative decline associated with PD is distinguished by extensive damage to SNc dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and decay of the striatal tract. While genetic mutations or environmental toxins can precipitate pathology, progressive degenerative succession involves a gradual decline in DA neurotransmission/synaptic uptake, impaired oxidative glucose consumption, a rise in striatal lactate and chronic inflammation. Nutraceuticals play a fundamental role in energy metabolism and signaling transduction pathways that control neurotransmission and inflammation. However, the use of nutritional supplements to slow the progression of PD has met with considerable challenge and has thus far proven unsuccessful. This review re-examines precipitating factors and insults involved in PD and how nutraceuticals can affect each of these biological targets. Discussed are disease dynamics (Sections 1 and 2) and natural substances, vitamins and minerals that could impact disease processes (Section 3). Topics include nutritional influences on α-synuclein aggregation, ubiquitin proteasome function, mTOR signaling/lysosomal-autophagy, energy failure, faulty catecholamine trafficking, DA oxidation, synthesis of toxic DA-quinones, o-semiquinones, benzothiazolines, hyperhomocyseinemia, methylation, inflammation and irreversible oxidation of neuromelanin. In summary, it is clear that future research will be required to consider the multi-faceted nature of this disease and re-examine how and why the use of nutritional multi-vitamin-mineral and plant-based combinations could be used to slow the progression of PD, if possible