La comunità linguistica slovena in Italia e la sua percezione dell'ordinamento giuridico italiano

Damijan Terpin "La comunità slovena in Italia e la sua percezione dell'ordinamento giuridico italiano", in: Tigor: rivista di scienze della comunicazione. A.I (2009) n.1 (gennaio-giugno), pp. 47-50Relazione presentata in occasione del convegno internazionale di studi su La comunicazione giuridica fra enti pubblici e soggetti privati. Analisi del discorso giuridico fra normazione e retorica forense nelle aree di confine fra Friuli Venezia Giulia, Slovenia e Croazia

Variational Analysis in the Wasserstein Space

We study optimization problems whereby the optimization variable is a probability measure. Since the probability space is not a vector space, many classical and powerful methods for optimization (e.g., gradients) are of little help. Thus, one typically resorts to the abstract machinery of infinite-dimensional analysis or other ad-hoc methodologies, not tailored to the probability space, which however involve projections or rely on convexity-type assumptions. We believe instead that these problems call for a comprehensive methodological framework for calculus in probability spaces. In this work, we combine ideas from optimal transport, variational analysis, and Wasserstein gradient flows to equip the Wasserstein space (i.e., the space of probability measures endowed with the Wasserstein distance) with a variational structure, both by combining and extending existing results and introducing novel tools. Our theoretical analysis culminates in very general necessary optimality conditions for optimality. Notably, our conditions (i) resemble the rationales of Euclidean spaces, such as the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker and Lagrange conditions, (ii) are intuitive, informative, and easy to study, and (iii) yield closed-form solutions or can be used to design computationally attractive algorithms. We believe this framework lays the foundation for new algorithmic and theoretical advancements in the study of optimization problems in probability spaces, which we exemplify with numerous case studies and applications to machine learning, drug discovery, and distributionally robust optimization

Evaluación y comparación de la madurez en la coordinación visomotriz y el nivel de inteligencia en niños escolarizados de siete años de ambos sexos, pertenecientes a contextos socioeconómico-culturales bajo y medio

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional con una muestra de 44 niños de 7 años de edad, de ambos sexos, en dos escuelas de contextos socioeconómico-culturales medio y bajo. Se administró el Test Guestáltico Visomotor y el Test de Matrices Progresivas Escala Coloreada. Los objetivos que se persiguieron en este estudio sobre niños de 7 años de edad, de ambos sexos, en dos escuelas de contextos socioeconómico-culturales medio y bajo, fueron los siguientes: 1. Analizar si hay o no diferencias significativas en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz. 2. Analizar si hay o no diferencias significativas en el nivel de inteligencia. 3. Evaluar si el nivel de estudio alcanzado por los padres tiene un efecto significativo o no en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz. 4. Investigar si el nivel de estudio alcanzado por los padres influye significativamente o no en el nivel de inteligencia de niños. 5. Estudiar si el nivel de estudio alcanzado por las madres tiene un efecto significativo o no en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz. 6. Examinar si el nivel de estudio alcanzado por las madres influye significativamente o no en el nivel de inteligencia. 7. Evaluar si el tipo de empleo de los padres tiene un efecto significativo o no en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz. 8. Analizar si el tipo de empleo de los padres interviene significativamente o no en el nivel de inteligencia.. 9. Estudiar si el tipo de empleo de las madres tiene un efecto significativo o no en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz. 10. Examinar si el tipo de empleo de las madres interviene significativamente o no en el nivel de inteligencia. 11. Investigar si el género del sujeto evaluado influye significativamente o no en el nivel de inteligencia. 12. Evaluar si el género del sujeto evaluado tiene un efecto significativo o no en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz.. 13. Investigar si existe una correlación significativa directa o no entre el nivel de madurez de la coordinación visomotriz y el nivel de inteligencia. A partir del análisis de los datos se arribaron a las siguientes conclusiones: 1. Existe un efecto significativo de algunas de las variables evaluadas del contexto socioeconómico-cultural sobre la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz y el nivel de inteligencia de los niños estudiados: los niños de 7 de años de contexto socioeconómicocultural bajo presentan menor madurez de la coordinación visomotriz y un menor nivel de inteligencia en comparación con los niños de 7 años de contexto socioeconómico-cultural medio, de ambos sexos. 2. El nivel educativo terciario o universitario del padre influye positivamente en la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz y nivel de inteligencia del niño en comparación con niños con padres que presentan un nivel de educación inferior. 4 3. Los niños cuyas madres obtuvieron un título terciario o universitario alcanzaron una mayor madurez de la coordinación visomotriz en comparación con el grupo de niños con madres que completaron sus estudios primarios. Y respecto al nivel de la inteligencia del niño se hallaron diferencias entre los grupos de niños de madres con estudios secundarios a favor de los niños con madres que tienen un título terciario o universitario. 4. Respecto a la situación ocupacional sólo se pudo analizar dicho indicador respecto a las madres -debido a la falta de casos de padres desocupados-. Se observó que los niños cuyas madres trabajan presentan un nivel de inteligencia más alto en comparación de los niños cuyas madres trabajan como amas de casa o están desocupadas. 5. El único indicador que parece no ser efectivo sobre la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz y el nivel de inteligencia es el referido a la estabilidad o inestabilidad laboral de ambos padres. 6. Respecto a las diferencias de género del niño, ésta parece no influenciar sobre el nivel de inteligencia del niño, pero sí se hallaron diferencias significativas a favor de las niñas en relación a la madurez visomotriz. Lo cual condice con lo hallado en una investigación previa sobre la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz (Özer, 2011). 7. Por último, se corroboró para estos grupos que, independientemente del nivel socioeconómico-cultural del niño, existe una correlación directa entre la madurez de la coordinación visomotriz y el nivel cognitivo alcanzado en niños de 7 años de ambos sexos. Si bien el estudio de los factores sociales, económicos y culturales sobre el desarrollo general del niño es algo sumamente tratado desde sus diferentes aristas, el aporte que reviste esta investigación es que se trata de un estudio local de la Ciudad de Santa Fe -Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina-

tert-Butyl 6-bromo-1,4-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C19H20BrNO2, consists of a carbazole skeleton with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4, a protecting group located at the N atom and a Br atom at position 6. The pyrrole ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 1.27 (7) and 4.86 (7)° with respect to the adjacent benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 5.11 (7). The crystal structure is determined mainly by intra­molecular C—H⋯O and inter­molecular π–π inter­actions. π-stacking between adjacent molecules forms columns with a parallel arrangement of the carbazole ring systems. The presence of the tert-but­oxy­carbonyl group on the carbazole N atom and the intra­molecular hydrogen bond induce a particular conformation of the exocyclic N—C bond within the mol­ecule

Discrimination of Supramolecular Chirality using a Protein Nanopore

Supramolecular chirality may emerge from self-assembly processes to yield architectures that differ only in the topological arrangement of their constituent parts. Since the properties of the resulting enantiomeric assemblies are identical, purification and characterisation can be challenging. Here, we have examined the hypothesis that the intrinsic chirality of a protein nanopore can be exploited to detect supramolecular chirality. Transient blockages in the ion current flowing through a single membrane-spanning α-haemolysin nanopore were shown to discriminate between M4L6 tetrahedral coordination cages of opposing chiralities. The single-molecule nature of the approach facilitated direct access to the rates of association and dissociation with the nanopore, which allowed the concentrations of the enantiomeric supramolecular assemblies to be determined in situ. Thus, we have established that a protein nanopore can be used to discriminate the chiral topologies of supramolecular assemblies, even when they are too large to fully enter the nanopore

Chirality induction from a chiral guest to the hydrogen bonding network of its hexameric resorcinarene host capsule

The hexameric capsule of resorcin[4]arene 1 is capable of encapsulating tertiary amines, which has recently been used in the application of [( 1 ) 6 (H 2 O) 8 ] as (co-)catalyst in various asymmetric reactions. However, not much is known about the highly asymmetric but conformationally very dynamic structure of the capsule after uptake of chiral molecules. Therefore, in this contribution, we utilize electronic circular dichroism and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy to investigate how several chiral guest molecules affect the structural preferences of the capsule [( 1 ) 6 (H 2 O) 8 ]. In particular, we show that one small chiral amine encapsulated in [( 1 ) 6 (H 2 O) 8 ] is sufficient to control and dictate the stereochemical preferences of the entire capsule. Furthermore, neither strong π–π interactions nor a significant steric bulk are required for this induction. The observation of such a chiral imprint of the guest's stereochemistry onto its host molecule is expected to have implications also for other supramolecular capsules

Humanity's Last Exam

Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai

Humanity's Last Exam

Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai