A Review on Infectious Coryza Disease in Chicken

Infectious Coryza (IC) is a serious respiratory tract disease of chickens caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, formerly known as Haemophilus paragallinarum. The disease has complicated economic impact in poultry industry due to growth retardation and decreased egg production in layer flocks. Chicken (Gallus gallus) is the natural host for A.paragallinarum which are susceptible at all ages. The most prominent clinical sign of IC is edematous swelling of face and distension of infraorbital sinus due to highly accumulation of cheesy like exudates in conjunctival sac. A. paragallinarum is a slow-growing and fastidious bacterium. Most of its strains require V (NAD) factor for their growth in vitro. Three serotypes of A. paragallinarum (A, B and C) have been identified that are distributed throughout the world. Vaccination is the soundest method of preventive practice against infectious coryza. An indigenous coryza vaccine is the best preventive measure against both homologous and heterologous challenges because of those commercial vaccines are not protective against the local variants of A.paragallinarum. Keywords: A.paragallinarum, chicken, infectious coryza, NAD, serotype, serovar, vaccine DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-23-04 Publication date: December 31st 202

Income Inequality and Nutrition Insecurity among Rural Households: A Gini-Coefficient Causality Analysis in Ethiopia

Globally, malnutrition is an underlying cause for the deaths of more than 3.5 million children every year under the age of five and the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting among children in Ethiopia are 40%, 25%, and 9% respectively. More than 80% of the population in Northwestern Ethiopia resides in rural areas with high-income inequalities and consumption patterns. This contributed to dynamism in dietary diversity and subsequent nutrition insecurity among households. However, previous studies obscure in linking the extent of income inequality, its causes, and nutrition insecurity. We explored the extent of income inequality among rural households and its effect on nutrition security. Data were taken in 2017 from 378 households from different districts with varying crop production potentials. Multinomial Logistic Regression Model was employed to analyze the data. The result shows that the types of crops cultivated, total land size, and education level significantly (P<0.01) associated with households' dietary diversity. The Gini index was found to be 0.48, depicting high-income inequality among the target households. Crop diversification together with on/off-farm activities can help narrow the existing income in inequality among rural households. Awareness and empowering women can help households increase their dietary diversity and improve nutrition security. Advocating home gardening can also enable households to focus on nutrient-rich diets. This will ultimately help create a well-nourished and healthy family. Keywords: Food insecurity, Dietary diversity index, Nutrition insecurity, Gini Coefficient, Income inequality, Multinomial logit, Stunting DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-17-01 Publication date:September 30th 202

The Effects of Industrial Park Development on Export Earning, Employment and FDI Attraction: Evidence from Ethiopia

This study examines the effects of industrial parks on export earnings, employment creation, and FDI attraction in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the study aims to identify the constraints and potential to achieve sustained and dynamic results expected from the industrial park development. Despite varying degrees of successes and failures, several countries have utilized industrial park and other types of special economic zones as a policy instrument for fostering economic transformation. Ethiopia is one of the African countries that have adopted industrial park development as a policy tool to enhance its economic growth and transformation. However, the effect of the industrial park policy initiative of the country is not well researched. The analysis of the study reveals that industrial parks in Ethiopia have contributed statistically significant effects on export earnings, employment creation, and FDI attraction with significant levels of p= <.001. The analysis also showed that the top five binding constraints for the effectiveness of the industrial park development are low labor productivity, domestic raw material supply constraints, weak forward and backward linkage, transport cost and logistic constraints, and institutions’ capacity constraints. On the other hand, the availability of a trainable labor force, raw material potential, preferential policies and incentives, the economic growth of the country, and the labor wage rise in China and other emerging countries are identified as the top five potentials and opportunities to achieve sustained and dynamic benefits of industrial park development in Ethiopia

Determinants of Agricultural Commodity Market Supply

This study was initiated to achieve the specific objectives as identification of factors that affect market participation decision of households and determination of factors that determine the volume of market supply of pepper. In order to acquire the relevant data, formal and informal methods of data collection were accomplished. To differentiate factors affecting the market participation and the amount of pepper sold, the Heckman Two- Stage econometric model was employed. The outcome equation result revealed that market participation decision of households and amount of pepper sold were significantly affected by many of the variables hypothesized to have impact on the explained variable. In order to settle price fluctuations and to strengthen the bargaining power of producers, there should be a well stated commodity standard that is set at the national level. Furthermore, market competitiveness, structure and efficiency can be improved through facilitating training regarding pepper trading as it help producers and other interested bodies better involve in the commodity market. Keywords: Heckman two stage model, Inverse Mill’s Ratio, Outcome equation

Planting Density and Time of White Lupine Relay Intercropping in TEFF (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) in Burie District, North Western Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted during 2015/16 main rainy season in Burie District, North Western Ethiopia with an objective of evaluating the potential of lupine relay intercropping with different density and rely time of lupine in teff. Factorial combinations of 3 relay intercropping time(after 4,6,and 8 weeks of teff sowing),2 inter-row spacing (40cm and 60cm) and 2 intra-row spacing of lupine (20cm and 30cm), totally 12  treatment combinations, and 2 sole cropping of teff and lupine were laid out in randomized complete block design at three replications. The collected was subjected to ANOVA using SAS (9.2) software. LER and MAI were calculated to evaluate the yield advantage of lupine relay intercropping for which the highest LER (1.62) and MAI (20402.42 birr/ha) was obtained from early intercropping accompanied with narrower intra and inter row spacing of lupine. Keywords: rely intercropping, LER, M AI DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-19-01 Publication date:October 31st 202

Determinants of agricultural commodity market supply: a case study in the upper watershed of the blue Nile, northwestern Ethiopia

This study was initiated to achieve the specific objectives as identification of factors that affect market participation decision of households and identification of factors that determine the volume of market supply of pepper. In order to acquire the relevant data, formal and informal methods of data collection were accomplished. To differentiate factors affecting the market participation and the amount of pepper sold, the Heckman Two-Stage econometric model was employed. The result revealed that market participation decision of households and amount of pepper sold were significantly affected by many of the variables hypothesized to have impact on the explained variable. In order to settle price fluctuations and to strengthen the bargaining power of producers, there should be product grading for market standardization. Furthermore, market competitiveness, structure and efficiency can be improved through facilitating pepper market strategies training as it helps producers and other interested bodies better involve in the commodity market

Incoherent scatter radar studies of electron precipitation

AbstractIn the studies presented in this thesis, we use the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar (ISR) to study electron precipitation. A new ISR data analysis technique called BAFIM (BAyesian FIltering Module) is developed to calculate plasma parameters (electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature and line of sight ion velocity) with high time and range resolutions from incoherent scatter radar autocorrelation function (ACF) data. BAFIM adds properties of the so-called full-profile analysis to the standard EISCAT data analysis tool, GUISDAP, and extends the concept of full-profile analysis from range direction to both range and time.BAFIM-fitted electron density is used to study a rapidly varying electron precipitation event with high time resolution (4 s). Using a method called ELSPEC, differential number fluxes of precipitating electrons are inverted from electron density altitude profiles measured along the geomagnetic field line by the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar. We show that the raw electron density, that was previously used in high time resolution works, may significantly underestimate the true electron density, when auroral electron precipitation heats the electron gas. The bias affects also electron energy spectra inverted from the raw density profiles, as well as auroral powers and field-aligned currents integrated from the spectra. Temporal variations of the auroral power derived from the fitted electron density show a very good agreement with variations of auroral emission intensity at 427.8 nm.Using more than 20 years of EISCAT UHF radar data, we study statistical characteristics of 1–100 keV electron precipitation at 66.7° magnetic latitude over Tromsø, Norway. Peak energy, auroral power and number flux of electron precipitation are derived from the radar data using the ELSPEC method. We find that 1–5 keV electrons dominate the precipitation from evening until morning in magnetic local time (MLT), while 5–10 keV electrons dominate the late morning hours (06–09 MLT). The average peak energy of precipitating electrons increases almost monotonically from evening (18 MLT) to morning hours (09 MLT). Energetic 30–100 keV electrons, which have been poorly covered in previous studies, are observed most frequently in the post midnight and morning hours. The 30–50 keV electrons dominate the energetic electron precipitation before 06 MLT, after which the 50–100 keV precipitation becomes dominant. Auroral power of the precipitatingelectrons is mostly in the 2–10 mWm−2 range at night (18–09 MLT), and average auroral powers measured in the pre-midnight hours are all larger than the corresponding measurements in the post-midnight hours. Auroral powers larger than 30 mWm−2 are observed most frequently in the pre-midnight side of the main auroral oval. Number flux of precipitating electrons has similar characteristics with auroral power. Occurrence rate of auroral electron precipitation as observed by the radar maximizes during declining phases of solar cycles 23 and 24, and during September and March equinoctial months. The occurrence frequency increases with MLT from evening to morning hours, partially due to motion of the auroral oval relative to the radar location.The analysis tools developed and used in this work can be applied to data analysis of the next-generation EISCAT_3D radar, which is currently under construction in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The tools will allow the radar to reach its full potential, and reveal small-scale and rapidly varying auroral structures with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions. The techniques could be applied also to other ISR systems and ELSPEC could be further developed to enable its use for day-time observations of electron precipitation.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Virtanen, I. I., Tesfaw, H. W., Roininen, L., Lasanen, S., & Aikio, A. (2021). Bayesian filtering in incoherent scatter plasma parameter fits. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126(3), e2020JA028700. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028700Self-archived versionTesfaw, H. W., Virtanen, I. I., Aikio, A. T., Nel, A., Kosch, M., & Ogawa, Y. (2022). Precipitating electron energy spectra and auroral power estimation by incoherent scatter radar with high temporal resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127(4), e2021JA029880. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029880Self-archived versionTesfaw, H. W., Virtanen, I. I., & Aikio, A. (2023). Characteristics of auroral electron precipitation at geomagnetic latitude 67° over Tromsø. Manuscript submitted for publication.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Virtanen, I. I., Tesfaw, H. W., Roininen, L., Lasanen, S., & Aikio, A. (2021). Bayesian filtering in incoherent scatter plasma parameter fits. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126(3), e2020JA028700. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028700Rinnakkaistallennettu versioTesfaw, H. W., Virtanen, I. I., Aikio, A. T., Nel, A., Kosch, M., & Ogawa, Y. (2022). Precipitating electron energy spectra and auroral power estimation by incoherent scatter radar with high temporal resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127(4), e2021JA029880. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029880Rinnakkaistallennettu versioTesfaw, H. W., Virtanen, I. I., & Aikio, A. (2023). Characteristics of auroral electron precipitation at geomagnetic latitude 67° over Tromsø. Manuscript submitted for publication.Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Science of the University of Oulu, for public discussion in the Auditorium L6, on 16 June, 2023, at 12 o’clock noonAbstract In the studies presented in this thesis, we use the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar (ISR) to study electron precipitation. A new ISR data analysis technique called BAFIM (BAyesian FIltering Module) is developed to calculate plasma parameters (electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature and line of sight ion velocity) with high time and range resolutions from incoherent scatter radar autocorrelation function (ACF) data. BAFIM adds properties of the so-called full-profile analysis to the standard EISCAT data analysis tool, GUISDAP, and extends the concept of full-profile analysis from range direction to both range and time. BAFIM-fitted electron density is used to study a rapidly varying electron precipitation event with high time resolution (4 s). Using a method called ELSPEC, differential number fluxes of precipitating electrons are inverted from electron density altitude profiles measured along the geomagnetic field line by the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar. We show that the raw electron density, that was previously used in high time resolution works, may significantly underestimate the true electron density, when auroral electron precipitation heats the electron gas. The bias affects also electron energy spectra inverted from the raw density profiles, as well as auroral powers and field-aligned currents integrated from the spectra. Temporal variations of the auroral power derived from the fitted electron density show a very good agreement with variations of auroral emission intensity at 427.8 nm. Using more than 20 years of EISCAT UHF radar data, we study statistical characteristics of 1–100 keV electron precipitation at 66.7° magnetic latitude over Tromsø, Norway. Peak energy, auroral power and number flux of electron precipitation are derived from the radar data using the ELSPEC method. We find that 1–5 keV electrons dominate the precipitation from evening until morning in magnetic local time (MLT), while 5–10 keV electrons dominate the late morning hours (06–09 MLT). The average peak energy of precipitating electrons increases almost monotonically from evening (18 MLT) to morning hours (09 MLT). Energetic 30–100 keV electrons, which have been poorly covered in previous studies, are observed most frequently in the post midnight and morning hours. The 30–50 keV electrons dominate the energetic electron precipitation before 06 MLT, after which the 50–100 keV precipitation becomes dominant. Auroral power of the precipitatingelectrons is mostly in the 2–10 mWm−2 range at night (18–09 MLT), and average auroral powers measured in the pre-midnight hours are all larger than the corresponding measurements in the post-midnight hours. Auroral powers larger than 30 mWm−2 are observed most frequently in the pre-midnight side of the main auroral oval. Number flux of precipitating electrons has similar characteristics with auroral power. Occurrence rate of auroral electron precipitation as observed by the radar maximizes during declining phases of solar cycles 23 and 24, and during September and March equinoctial months. The occurrence frequency increases with MLT from evening to morning hours, partially due to motion of the auroral oval relative to the radar location. The analysis tools developed and used in this work can be applied to data analysis of the next-generation EISCAT_3D radar, which is currently under construction in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The tools will allow the radar to reach its full potential, and reveal small-scale and rapidly varying auroral structures with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions. The techniques could be applied also to other ISR systems and ELSPEC could be further developed to enable its use for day-time observations of electron precipitation

Optimize Operations and Future Development on Multi-Purpose Tana Beles Hydropower Project

Abstract Different projects in Tana-Beles basins were identified as water resource development project and implemented to attain the country s development goals. One of these projects is Tana-Beles multipurpose hydropower project which has been under operation since May 2010. Water is diverted from Lake Tana through tunnel to power plants and then joins Beles Basin River towards irrigation area. Seasonally varied flow influence both products. That means at dry season water demand in the irrigation area is very high with low natural flows whereas during wet season the demand is low with high natural flow. Both upper and lower Beles irrigation areas are not fully covered. But, power production is high at wet than dry season in the project. Therefore, optimization of the project is necessary to obtain good combination and coverages of both purposes. In addition, the study has also assessed the feasibility of damming water at Dangura site. The study found nMAG model feasible and applicable to run the given data specification. This study has analyzed hydrological data of the basin which is used for model setting. Optimization is undertaken through the development of two phase scenarios. The first phase involved regulation of Lake Tana within four scenario while the second phase involved optimization of Tana-Beles MPP with six scenarios. The second phase of optimization is followed by the identification of the best scenario in first phase. Scenario D which is release of seasonal varied flow to downstream, is selected on the basis of environmental flow, the amount of water released, power production, and energy equivalent in first phase. This scenario proceeded to the second phase and developed other six scenarios. In the second phase, scenario D2R is selected on the basis of environmental flow, the amount of water released, power production, irrigation coverages and water requirement, water consumption and energy equivalent basis which show better result. This study found that the mean annual water release to downstream is 978 Mm3 higher than 862 Mm3 value suggested by Bellier et al. (1997) and lower than 995 Mm3 value recommended by McCartney et al. (2009). The mean annual energy production is 2,356 and 1,278 GWh in Tana-Beles and Dangura power plant respectively. Damming of water improve irrigation product by 1% and add 1,278.1 GWh annual power to the national grid. Mean annual water of 2,043 Mm3 is lost due to artificial storage in lower Beles. However, this artificial reservoir can be the site for tourism, fishing, and navigation. The available water in the basin is about 5,226 Mm3 annual. To cover all irrigation area, minimum of 2,806 Mm3 mean annual water is needed. But, this study indicated about 36.1 % of upper Beles and 100 % lower Beles irrigation area can be covered with the available water. Overall 71.2 % of the total irrigation area (11,312 ha) in Beles basin can get enough water. Thus, the study concluded to prioritize lower Beles irrigation area with damming of water on Dangura site in order to get optimum productions of both combination, and release seasonal variable water to downstream. Upgrading Chara-Chara weir max regulation level by 0.2 m is essential for extra storage and production. The study suggest the use of night storage, highly efficient irrigation system, weir in the river, the use of special boat design, change water rout, and dredging shallow lake to maximize productions and overcome navigation problem. The study recommends a dam to be constructed at Dangura site.

Opportunities and Challenges of Private Investment in East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The aims to examine opportunities and challenges of private investment activities in East Gojjam zone with the intention of providing valuable information about the investment environment of the zone to the potential investors. In addition to this, the study investigates the trend of private investment in East Gojjam Zone. Descriptive type of research design has been used in this study by giving more emphasis on qualitative data analysis method. On the other hand, quantitative research analysis has been used to provide numerical measurement and analysis of the magnitude and extent of the problem and trend of private investment in East Gojjam Zone. The study used both primary and secondary data. Pre-designed self-administered questionnaire has been used to collect primary data. The investment bureau documents have been used in gathering the secondary data in this study. In order to obtain primary data, a total of 310 questionnaires were distributed to investors found in East Gojjam zone and 305 of them were filled and returned to researchers. In addition, some secondary sources of data were surveyed to know the trend of private investment practices in the zone. The outcome of this study revealed that, the major bottlenecks of investment in East Gojjam zone are Administrative and policy related factors, Infrastructure related factors Macro economic variables which have a nationwide effect, unavailability of foreign exchange reserves and exchange rate fluctuations and Market related factors. Socio cultural factors and Geographic factors are considered as opportunities of private investment in East Gojjam Zone. Keywords: Private Investment, Opportunities, Challenges DOI: 10.7176/JPID/48-0