Reproductive biology and size at onset of sexual maturity of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Khadiyapatnam, southwest coast of India

The size at first sexual maturity is described for females of the Scalloped spiny lobster Panulirus homarus homarus (Palinuridae) sampled from landings at Khadiyapatnam in Kanyakumari district of Tamilnadu, on the southwest coast of India, based on physiological and functional maturity indices. The size at 50% physiological maturity was estimated at 55.0 mm carapace length (CL), based on regression of percent of females with mature, maturing and spent - recovery ovary against carapace length. The smallest female with a mature ovary was 45.5 mm CL compared to the smallest female (46.5 mm CL) with external eggs. Logistic relationships between CL and percentage of females with external eggs (berried) and with ovigerous setae on endopod of pleopods indicated that 50% maturity was attained at 61.0 mm CL (berry method) and 54.0 mm CL (setal method), respectively. Size at maturity based upon appearance of well developed pairs of ‘windows’ on the last pair of sternal plates at the base of fifth pereiopods was estimated at 55.0 mm CL. The analyses show that the external secondary sexual characters may be useful as morphological measures of functional sexual maturity in the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus homarus from Indian waters, as these values are very close to the size at physiological maturity (55.0 mm CL) obtained based on the ovarian maturation. On the basis of this study, a minimum legal size (MLS) of 65.0 mm CL for fishing P. homarus homarus from Indian waters is recommended

Suitability of Killai backwaters for prawn farming-a preliminary micro level survey

Brackishwater areas have been given much importance for prawn farming. No information was available on the Killai backwaters about factors like water quality, topography, contour, extent of the area, tidal amplitude, seed potential and possibilities of flooding etc. Hence during 1982-'84 Klllai area was thoroughly surveyed on the above aspects and the results have been discussed in this paper. From this it is inferred that a total area of about 155 ha is readily available for undertaking both pond and pen culture in this backwater

Adducts of 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthols with Fe(III) Chloride

465-46

Classes of operators related to subnormal operators

In this paper we attempt to lay the foundations for a theory encompassing some natural extensions of the class of subnormal operators, namely the $n$--subnormal operators and the sub-$n$--normal operators. We discuss inclusion relations among the above mentioned classes and other related classes, e.g., $n$--quasinormal and quasi-$n$--normal operators. We show that sub-$n$--normality is stronger than $n$--subnormality, and produce a concrete example of a $3$--subnormal operator which is not sub-$2$--normal. In \cite{CU1}, R.E. Curto, S.H. Lee and J. Yoon proved that if an operator $T$ is subnormal, left-invertible, and such that $T^n$ is quasinormal for some $n \le 2$, then $T$ is quasinormal. in \cite{JS}, P.Pietrzycki and J. Stochel improved this result by removing the assumption of left invertibility. In this paper we consider suitable analogs of this result for the case of operators in the above-mentioned classes. In particular, we prove that the weight sequence of an $n$--quasinormal unilateral weighted shift must be periodic with period at most $n$.Comment: This version has minor improvements in the formulation of some mathematical results; also, a few typographical errors have been correcte

Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and GC-MS Studies on Castanospermum australe

The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Castanospermum australe and to profile phytochemicals by GC-MS. The ethanolic extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction using Soxhlet apparatus. The analgesic activity was analyzed by hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing test whereas anti-inflammatory study was done by carrageenan induced paw oedema model. The acute toxicity study revealed that ethanol extracts of leaf and bark of C. australe were safe even at a higher dose of 2000 mg/kg whereas ethanol extract of seed was toxic at the same dose. In both hot plate method (5.85 s) and acetic acid-induced writhing test (57%), the leaf ethanol extract exhibited significant analgesic activity (P<0.001) at a dose of 400 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract was exhibited by the reduction in paw linear diameter by 64.76% at 400 mg/kg in carrageenan induced paw oedema. The GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of leaf revealed sixteen major compounds of which 1,7-dimethyl-4,10-dioxa-1,7-diazacyclododecane, (+)-N-methylephedrine, and permethylspermine were found to be pharmaceutically and the most important. These findings justify that C. australe can be a valuable natural analgesic and anti-inflammatory source which seemed to provide potential phytotherapeutics against various ailments

Tris[4-(2-pyridylmethyl­eneamino)phenol]iron(II) bis­(perchlorate)

In the title compound, [Fe(C12H10N2O)3](ClO4)2, the metal center is coordinated by six N atoms from the three bidentate chelating ligands in a distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry, with overall formation of the meridional (OC-6-21) isomer. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of the cation and the counter-anions form an infinite one-dimensional chain in the c-axis direction

Challenges of nursing students during clinical training: A nursing perspective

Clinical training plays a fundamental role in nursing students' acquisition of professional capabilities. This study aimed to explore the perceived challenges nursing students face during clinical training. An explorative cross-sectional study was applied. A proportionate, stratified, random sample was enrolled in the study with inclusive criteria, including nursing students (2nd - 4th year) and interns who attended their internship in regional hospitals. A validated electronic questionnaire was used for data collection, which consisted of three sections and 29 items. The section that focused on the difficulties experienced by nursing students during their practical training included six elements: teachers, healthcare professionals, the students themselves, tasks, time management, and the location of the training. Another section inquired about the students' perspectives on the benefits of clinical training. A three-point “Likert scale” was applied. The findings indicated that mild (24%), moderate (62%), and severe (14%) degree of challenges were perceived by the study participants. The mean score for the total challenges during clinical training was 2.00 ± 0.28, and there were variations in the perceived challenges among grade levels. In conclusion, there are variations in the perceived challenges during clinical training among different grade levels. These challenges were related to teachers, health workers, the students, tasks, the time, and the place. Enhancing the nursing curricula alignment with practical training objectives is recommended, focusing on the development of technical and interpersonal skills with appropriate guidance, alongside positive clinical settings to help nursing students learn and boost their confidence in their approach