Human factors approach towards improving readability of bus schedules

Due to an increasing concern over the readability of existing bus schedules of a public transportation agency the schedule format was redesigned. Two prototype schedules were designed based on the gathered information from the literature survey, focus group meetings and data from other public transportation agencies\u27 schedules. One of the prototypes was designed by giving primary importance to the direction of travel and was named the directional prototype schedule. The other prototype was designed by giving primary importance to the day of the week, and was named weekday / weekend prototype schedule. A time based laboratory experiment and a subjective survey with twenty-six participants were conducted to test the representational modifications against the existing ones. The analysis of the experimental data showed statistical significance only in the zone representation. Zones are used for calculation of the fares for travel. They have been represented differently in the new prototypes, and was preferred over the current one. Participants more often than not assigned rank three to the current schedule as compared to rank one or two. Another observation was that the average number of errors committed in the test by the participants having just a high school level of education was over 35%. The performance of the participants kept improving along with the increase in the level of education. This is an issue of concern because large percentage of people who use the bus schedules of the public transportation agency are people with just high school level of education or even lower

Evaluation of the hypocholesterolemic effect and prebiotic activity of a lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) extract

The aim of our work was to produce a hydroalcoholic extract of lentils and to examine: a) the hypocholesterolemic action in an animal model, by studying the plasma cholesterol level and the concentration of bile acids in the faeces; b) the potential prebiotic effect, by conducting an in vitro culture fermentation experiment and assessing the level of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the faeces of rats

Development of Sustainable and Cost-Competitive Injection-Molded Pieces of Partially Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate through the Valorization of Cotton Textile Waste

[EN] This study presents the valorization of cotton waste from the textile industry for the development of sustainable and cost-competitive biopolymer composites. The as-received linter of recycled cotton was first chopped to obtain short fibers, called recycled cotton fibers (RCFs), which were thereafter melt-compounded in a twin-screw extruder with partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) and shaped into pieces by injection molding. It was observed that the incorporation of RCF, in the 1¿10 wt% range, successfully increased rigidity and hardness of bio-PET. However, particularly at the highest fiber contents, the ductility and toughness of the pieces were considerably impaired due to the poor interfacial adhesion of the fibers to the biopolyester matrix. Interestingly, RCF acted as an effective nucleating agent for the bio-PET crystallization and it also increased thermal resistance. In addition, the overall dimensional stability of the pieces was improved as a function of the fiber loading. Therefore, bio-PET pieces containing 3¿5 wt% RCF presented very balanced properties in terms of mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal resistance. The resultant biopolymer composite pieces can be of interest in rigid food packaging and related applications, contributing positively to the optimization of the integrated biorefinery system design and also to the valorization of textile wastes.This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) through the AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R program numbers. L.Q.-C. wants to thank the Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) for his FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812). S.T.-G. is a recipient of a Juan de la Cierva Incorporación contract (IJCI-2016-29675) from MICIU.Montava-Jordà, S.; Torres-Giner, S.; Ferrándiz Bou, S.; Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N. (2019). Development of Sustainable and Cost-Competitive Injection-Molded Pieces of Partially Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate through the Valorization of Cotton Textile Waste. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20(6):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061378S119206Tharanathan, R. . (2003). Biodegradable films and composite coatings: past, present and future. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 14(3), 71-78. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00280-7Plastics in a circular economyhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/625163/EPRS_ATA(2018)625163_EN.pdfBabu, R. P., O’Connor, K., & Seeram, R. (2013). Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Progress in Biomaterials, 2(1), 8. doi:10.1186/2194-0517-2-8Torres-Giner, S., Torres, A., Ferrándiz, M., Fombuena, V., & Balart, R. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of metal cation-exchanged zeolites and their evaluation on injection-molded pieces of bio-based high-density polyethylene. Journal of Food Safety, 37(4), e12348. doi:10.1111/jfs.12348Essabir, H., Bensalah, M. O., Rodrigue, D., Bouhfid, R., & Qaiss, A. (2016). Structural, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based hybrid composites from waste coir residues: Fibers and shell particles. Mechanics of Materials, 93, 134-144. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.10.018Holbery, J., & Houston, D. (2006). Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. JOM, 58(11), 80-86. doi:10.1007/s11837-006-0234-2Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Boronat, T., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2017). Evaluation of the engineering performance of different bio-based aliphatic homopolyamide tubes prepared by profile extrusion. Polymer Testing, 61, 421-429. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.06.004Chen, L., Pelton, R. E. O., & Smith, T. M. (2016). Comparative life cycle assessment of fossil and bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 667-676. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.094Rosenboom, J.-G., Hohl, D. K., Fleckenstein, P., Storti, G., & Morbidelli, M. (2018). Bottle-grade polyethylene furanoate from ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic oligomers. Nature Communications, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05147-yMonteiro, S. N., Lopes, F. P. D., Ferreira, A. S., & Nascimento, D. C. O. (2009). Natural-fiber polymer-matrix composites: Cheaper, tougher, and environmentally friendly. JOM, 61(1), 17-22. doi:10.1007/s11837-009-0004-zTaha, I., & Ziegmann, G. (2006). A Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Filled Biodegradable and Polyolefin Polymers. 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Mechanical properties of short glass fibre reinforced and functionalized rubber-toughened PET blends. Polymer Testing, 25(7), 923-931. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.05.013Li, Z., Luo, G., Wei, F., & Huang, Y. (2006). Microstructure of carbon nanotubes/PET conductive composites fibers and their properties. Composites Science and Technology, 66(7-8), 1022-1029. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.08.006Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Sammon, C., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Compatibilization of highly sustainable polylactide/almond shell flour composites by reactive extrusion with maleinized linseed oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 878-888. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.062Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Garcia-Garcia, D., Carbonell-Verdu, A., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Effect of different compatibilizers on injection-molded green composite pieces based on polylactide filled with almond shell flour. Composites Part B: Engineering, 147, 76-85. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.017George, M., Chae, M., & Bressler, D. C. (2016). Composite materials with bast fibres: Structural, technical, and environmental properties. Progress in Materials Science, 83, 1-23. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.04.002Natural Fibre Demand Risinghttp://cottonanalytics.com/natural-fibre-demand-rising/Peña-Pichardo, P., Martínez-Barrera, G., Martínez-López, M., Ureña-Núñez, F., & dos Reis, J. M. L. (2018). Recovery of cotton fibers from waste Blue-Jeans and its use in polyester concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 177, 409-416. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.137Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., & Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 276-277(1), 1-24. doi:10.1002/(sici)1439-2054(20000301)276:13.0.co;2-wBayer, F. L. (2002). 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Melt processability, characterization, and antibacterial activity of compression-molded green composite sheets made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) reinforced with coconut fibers impregnated with oregano essential oil. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 17, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.05.002Wambua, P., Ivens, J., & Verpoest, I. (2003). Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Composites Science and Technology, 63(9), 1259-1264. doi:10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00096-4Thwe, M. M., & Liao, K. (2002). Effects of environmental aging on the mechanical properties of bamboo–glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 33(1), 43-52. doi:10.1016/s1359-835x(01)00071-9Baley, C., Busnel, F., Grohens, Y., & Sire, O. (2006). Influence of chemical treatments on surface properties and adhesion of flax fibre–polyester resin. 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Influence of the processing method and antimicrobial agents on properties of starch-gelatin biodegradable films

[EN] Biodegradable films based on corn starch (CS), bovine gelatin (BG), glycerol as a plasticizer, and lysozyme or N--lauroyl-l-arginine ethyl ester monohydrochloride (LAE) as antimicrobial agents were obtained by both extension-drying (casting) of the aqueous dispersions and melt blending and compression moulding. Microstructural analyses revealed the lack of miscibility between CS and BG, which implied polymer phase separation, with the formation of domains rich in each polymer, with different arrangements for casting and melt blending processes. Thermoprocessed films were more permeable to water vapour (60%-115%) and oxygen (70%-355%) compared to the corresponding cast films and exhibited lower stiffness (50%-75%) and resistance to break (17%-33%) and greater extensibility (150%-190%) than casting films. LAE improved the water vapour barrier and reduced the oxygen barrier of both kinds of films, whereas the opposite effect was observed for lysozyme. Antimicrobial activity against Listeria innocua was observed for formulations containing LAE processed by both casting and compression moulding, all of which exhibited a bactericidal effect. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical IndustryThe authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministerio de Economía y Competividad (Projects AGL2013- 42989-R) and the services rendered by the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV. Olga Moreno Marro also thanks the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, for the FPU 2012–1121 grant.Moreno Marro, O.; Díaz, R.; Atarés Huerta, LM.; Chiralt, A. (2016). Influence of the processing method and antimicrobial agents on properties of starch-gelatin biodegradable films. Polymer International. 65(8):905-914. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5115S90591465

Effect on tomato plant and fruit of the application of biopolymer¿oregano essential oil coatings

[EN] BACKGROUND: Oregano essential oil (EO) was incorporated into film-forming dispersions (FFDs) based on biopolymers (chitosan and/or methylcellulose) at two different concentrations. The effect of the application of the FFDs was evaluated on tomato plants (cultivar Micro-Tom) at three different stages of development, and on pre-harvest and postharvest applications on tomato fruit. RESULTS: The application of the FFDs at '3 Leaves' stage caused phytotoxic problems, whichwere lethal when the EO was applied without biopolymers. Even though plant growth and development were delayed, the total biomass and the crop yield were not affected by biopolymer-EO treatments. When the FFDs were applied in the 'Fruit' stage the pre-harvest application of FFDs had no negative effects. All FFDs containing EO significantly reduced the respiration rate of tomato fruit and diminished weight loss during storage. Moreover, biopolymer-EO FFDs led to a decrease in the fungal decay of tomato fruit inoculated with Rhizopus stolonifer spores, as compared with non-treated tomato fruit and those coated with FFDs without EO. CONCLUSION: The application of biopolymer-oregano essential oil coatings has been proven to be an effective treatment to control R. stolonifer in tomato fruit. (C) 2016 Society of Chemical IndustryThe authors acknowledge the support provided by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (SP20120518) and the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (AGL2013-42989-R-AR). Angela Perdones is grateful to Universitat Politecnia de Valencia for a FPI grantPerdones Montero, Á.; Tur, N.; Chiralt, A.; Vargas, M. (2016). Effect on tomato plant and fruit of the application of biopolymer¿oregano essential oil coatings. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96(13):4505-4513. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7666S450545139613Ramos-García, M., Bosquez-Molina, E., Hernández-Romano, J., Zavala-Padilla, G., Terrés-Rojas, E., Alia-Tejacal, I., … Bautista-Baños, S. (2012). Use of chitosan-based edible coatings in combination with other natural compounds, to control Rhizopus stolonifer and Escherichia coli DH5α in fresh tomatoes. Crop Protection, 38, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.02.016Marti, E. (2006). Genetic and physiological characterization of tomato cv. Micro-Tom. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(9), 2037-2047. doi:10.1093/jxb/erj154Lima, J. E., Carvalho, R. F., Neto, A. T., Figueira, A., & Peres, L. E. . (2004). Micro-MsK: a tomato genotype with miniature size, short life cycle, and improved in vitro shoot regeneration. Plant Science, 167(4), 753-757. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.05.023Meissner, R., Jacobson, Y., Melamed, S., Levyatuv, S., Shalev, G., Ashri, A., … Levy, A. (1997). A new model system for tomato genetics. The Plant Journal, 12(6), 1465-1472. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.12061465.xMatusinsky, P., Zouhar, M., Pavela, R., & Novy, P. (2015). Antifungal effect of five essential oils against important pathogenic fungi of cereals. Industrial Crops and Products, 67, 208-215. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.022Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils – A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 446-475. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106Smith-Palmer, A., Stewart, J., & Fyfe, L. (2001). The potential application of plant essential oils as natural food preservatives in soft cheese. Food Microbiology, 18(4), 463-470. doi:10.1006/fmic.2001.0415Bendahou, M., Muselli, A., Grignon-Dubois, M., Benyoucef, M., Desjobert, J.-M., Bernardini, A.-F., & Costa, J. (2008). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glandulosum Desf. essential oil and extract obtained by microwave extraction: Comparison with hydrodistillation. Food Chemistry, 106(1), 132-139. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.050Sari, M., Biondi, D. M., Kaâbeche, M., Mandalari, G., D’Arrigo, M., Bisignano, G., … Ruberto, G. (2006). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of several populations of AlgerianOriganum glandulosum Desf. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 21(6), 890-898. doi:10.1002/ffj.1738Soylu, E. M., Kurt, Ş., & Soylu, S. (2010). In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato grey mould disease agent Botrytis cinerea. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 143(3), 183-189. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.08.015Tzortzakis, N. G. (2010). Ethanol, vinegar and Origanum vulgare oil vapour suppress the development of anthracnose rot in tomato fruit. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 142(1-2), 14-18. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.05.005Wogiatzi, E., Gougoulias, N., Papachatzis, A., Vagelas, I., & Chouliaras, N. (2009). Greek Oregano Essential Oils Production, Phytotoxicity and Antifungal Activity. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 23(1), 1150-1152. doi:10.1080/13102818.2009.10817630Sánchez-González, L., Vargas, M., González-Martínez, C., Chiralt, A., & Cháfer, M. (2011). Use of Essential Oils in Bioactive Edible Coatings: A Review. Food Engineering Reviews, 3(1), 1-16. doi:10.1007/s12393-010-9031-3Tharanathan, R. N., & Kittur, F. S. (2003). Chitin — The Undisputed Biomolecule of Great Potential. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 43(1), 61-87. doi:10.1080/10408690390826455SHIEKH, R. A., MALIK, M. A., AL-THABAITI, S. A., & SHIEKH, M. A. (2013). Chitosan as a Novel Edible Coating for Fresh Fruits. Food Science and Technology Research, 19(2), 139-155. doi:10.3136/fstr.19.139Vargas, M., Pastor, C., Chiralt, A., McClements, D. J., & González-Martínez, C. (2008). Recent Advances in Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48(6), 496-511. doi:10.1080/10408390701537344Nazan Turhan, K., & Şahbaz, F. (2004). Water vapor permeability, tensile properties and solubility of methylcellulose-based edible films. Journal of Food Engineering, 61(3), 459-466. doi:10.1016/s0260-8774(03)00155-9Vargas, M., Albors, A., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2011). Water interactions and microstructure of chitosan-methylcellulose composite films as affected by ionic concentration. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44(10), 2290-2295. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2011.02.018Badawy, M. E. I., & Rabea, E. I. (2009). Potential of the biopolymer chitosan with different molecular weights to control postharvest gray mold of tomato fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 51(1), 110-117. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.05.018Vargas, M., Albors, A., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2009). Characterization of chitosan–oleic acid composite films. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(2), 536-547. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.02.009Perdones, Á., Vargas, M., Atarés, L., & Chiralt, A. (2014). Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan–cinnamon leaf oil films as affected by oleic acid. Food Hydrocolloids, 36, 256-264. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.10.003Vargas, M., Albors, A., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2006). Quality of cold-stored strawberries as affected by chitosan–oleic acid edible coatings. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 41(2), 164-171. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.03.016Perdones, A., Sánchez-González, L., Chiralt, A., & Vargas, M. (2012). Effect of chitosan–lemon essential oil coatings on storage-keeping quality of strawberry. 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Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan cinnamon leaf oil films as affected by oleic acid

The physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan (CH)-cinnamon leaf essential oil (C) films, containing or not oleic acid (OA), were evaluated. The addition of OA led an increase in surface charge and particle size of the film-forming dispersions. This is in agreement with a greater CH adsorption on the droplets containing OA and the entrapment of C compounds in the non-polar core of the OA molecule associations. OA contributed to a better retention of C in the film during its drying, diminished the changes in colour parameters provoked by C addition and reduced the film transparency. Water vapour permeability of CH films was reduced by OA incorporation while it increased when they contained only C. Every film containing C showed antioxidant and antifungal properties, depending on the C content (the higher the C content, the greater the effect). OA reduced the antifungal effectiveness of C containing films in line with its encapsulating effect on C compounds. All the coatings were effective in extending the shelf-life of cold-stored strawberries, mainly when CH was combined with C at the ratio 1: 0.5.The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPPTE/2012/183) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (AGL2010-20694). Author A. Perdones acknowledges Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a doctoral grant.Perdones Montero, Á.; Vargas, M.; Atarés Huerta, LM.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2014). Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan cinnamon leaf oil films as affected by oleic acid. Food Hydrocolloids. 36:256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.10.003S2562643

Impact of the Soak and the Malt on the Physicochemical Properties of the Sorghum Starches

Starches were isolated from soaked and malted sorghum and studied to understand their physicochemical and functional properties. The swelling power (SP) and the water solubility index (WSI) of both starches were nearly similar at temperatures below 50 °C, but at more than 50 °C, the starch isolated from malted sorghum showed lower SP and high WSI than those isolated from raw and soaked sorghum. The pasting properties of starches determined by rapid visco-analyzer (RVA) showed that malted sorghum starch had a lower viscosity peak value (86 BU/RVU) than raw sorghum starch (454 BU/RVU). For both sorghum, X-ray diffractograms exhibited an A-type diffraction pattern, typical of cereal starches and the relative degrees of crystallinity ranged from 9.62 to 15.50%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that raw sorghum starch showed an endotherm with a peak temperature (Tp) at 78.06 °C and gelatinization enthalpies of 2.83 J/g whereas five-day malted sorghum starch had a Tp at 47.22 °C and gelatinization enthalpies of 2.06 J/g. Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of all starch suspensions increased steeply to a maximum at 70 °C and then decreased with continuous heating. The structural analysis of malted sorghum starch showed porosity on the granule’s surface susceptible to the amylolysis. The results showed that physicochemical and functional properties of sorghum starches are influenced by soaking and malting methods

Effect of essential oils on properties of film forming emulsions and films based on HPMC and chitosan

[EN] Film-forming dispersions (FFD) and films, prepared by incorporating different concentrations of bergamot (BO), lemon (LO) and tea tree (TTO) essential oils into hydroxyproplymethylcellulose (HPMC) and chitosan (CH) were obtained and their physico-chemical properties were characterised. Results showed that the increment of essential oil (EO) content promoted significant changes in the size and surface charge of the FFD particles. As regards the film properties, the higher the EO content, the lower the water vapour permeability and the moisture sorption capacity. In general, the addition of EO into the HPMC or CH matrix leads to a significant decrease in gloss, transparency, tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composite films. Discriminant analyses of obtained data revealed that the polymer type was the main factor which defined the FFD and composite film behaviour. For a given polymer, although both the nature and concentration of the EO influenced FFD behaviour, the concentration played a more important role. In film properties, the discriminant analyses did not reveal different groups associated to the different nature or concentration of the essential oils, although composite films with BO appeared to differ slightly from the rest. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Project AGL2007-65503). Author L. Sanchez-Gonzalez thanks Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Spain) for a FPU Grant (AP2006-026)Sánchez González, L.; Chiralt, A.; González Martínez, MC.; Cháfer Nácher, MT. (2011). Effect of essential oils on properties of film forming emulsions and films based on HPMC and chitosan. Journal of Food Engineering. 105(2):246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.02.028S246253105

Novel mango bars using gellan gum as gelling agent: rheological and microstructural studies

This work aimed the development of mango bars, made with fresh mango puree and gellan gum. The influence of gellan concentration as well as the ratio of LA (low-acyl) and HA (high-acyl) gellan on the rheological and microstructural properties of the mango bars was studied. Rheological outcomes showed that both LA and HA, and in mixtures, were able to produce jellified products, within a rather low maturation time. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed at different ratios of LA/HA, enabling the production of mango bars with intermediate viscoelastic properties. Higher values of the dynamic moduli were perceived as the LA content increased. Confocal microscopy is in agreement with the rheological results, revealing a weakening of the gel structure with the increasing percentage of HA. Results suggest that 1 g of LA/HA 50/50 per 100 g of puree produces structures with suitable mechanical properties. However, the results need to be correlated to texture and sensory analysis, before proceeding to the next steps of product developmentinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Diurnal Variation in Nutrients and Chimpanzee Foraging Behavior

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96726/1/ajp22112.pd