Denial of Dalit Identity and Profession in Vallisai Novel by Azhagiya Periyavan

From ancient times to modern times, ethnic groups who have been doing the same occupation have been treated as slaves because of their occupations. The words of Thiruvaenkadam, which are of the opinion that the people of the Paraiyar tribe who are involved in scavenging, disposing of dead cows and beating the drum, can get rid of their caste-based job, so that they will be treated equally by the society. This idea is accepted and implemented by many people but the majority of Hindu people are adamant that they should not give up the work done based on their caste. Thiruvaenkadam and Sivamalai insist on getting an education and thereby go for different jobs. In a town a panchayat leader tells his people to get rid of caste-based jobs. But most people don't accept it and they are doing their old jobs again. For tearing the drum case has been filed on Thiruvenkadam and his organization. Finally, the judgment was it is one’s own wish to do or not to do his caste-based job. This article points out that their traditional occupations are a barrier to overcome caste stigma

Eimeria species occurrence varies between geographic regions and poultry production systems and may influence parasite genetic diversity

Coccidiosis is one of the biggest challenges faced by the global poultry industry. Recent studies have highlighted the ubiquitous distribution of all Eimeria species which can cause this disease in chickens, but intriguingly revealed a regional divide in genetic diversity and population structure for at least one species, Eimeria tenella. The drivers associated with such distinct geographic variation are unclear, but may impact on the occurrence and extent of resistance to anticoccidial drugs and future subunit vaccines. India is one of the largest poultry producers in the world and includes a transition between E. tenella populations defined by high and low genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the prevalence of Eimeria species defined by high and low pathogenicity in northern and southern states of India, and seek to understand factors which vary between the regions as possible drivers for differential genetic variation. Faecal samples and data relating to farm characteristics and management were collected from 107 farms from northern India and 133 farms from southern India. Faecal samples were analysed using microscopy and PCR to identify Eimeria occurrence. Multiple correspondence analysis was applied to transform correlated putative risk factors into a smaller number of synthetic uncorrelated factors. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify poultry farm typologies, revealing three distinct clusters in the studied regions. The association between clusters and presence of Eimeria species was assessed by logistic regression. The study found that large-scale broiler farms in the north were at greatest risk of harbouring any Eimeria species and a larger proportion of such farms were positive for E. necatrix, the most pathogenic species. Comparison revealed a more even distribution for E. tenella across production systems in south India, but with a lower overall occurrence. Such a polarised region- and system-specific distribution may contribute to the different levels of genetic diversity observed previously in India and may influence parasite population structure across much of Asia and Africa. The findings of the study can be used to prioritise target farms to launch and optimise appropriate anticoccidial strategies for long-term control

Hypoglycemia: Essential Clinical Guidelines

Hypoglycemia is the acute complication of diabetes mellitus and the commonest diabetic emergency and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. It can be caused by too much insulin intake or oral hypoglycemic agents, too little food, or excessive physical activity. The level of glucose that produces symptoms of hypoglycemia varies from person to person and varies for the same person under different circumstances. It characterized by sweating, tremor, tachycardia, palpitation, nervousness, hunger, confusion, slurred speech, emotional changes, double vision, drowsiness, sleeplessness, and often self-diagnosed which may leads to serious symptoms of seizure, cognitive impairment, coma and death. The immediate treatment of hypoglycemia should be known by all the diabetic patients, so that need for hospitalization could be avoided. Hypoglycemia and its severity can be prevented by early recognition of hypoglycemia risk factors, self-monitoring of blood glucose, selection of appropriate treatment regimens, appropriate educational programs for healthcare professionals. The major challenges of the treatment of hypoglycemia are good glycemic control, minimize the risk of hypoglycemia and thereby minimize long-term complications. Hence there is an urgent need to understand the clinical spectrum and burden of hypoglycemia so that adequate control measures can be implemented against this life-threatening complication

The Numerical Realities of Tolkappiyar in Muthollaayiram

It is no exaggeration to say that literature helps to understand the richness of a language. Though there are many kinds of literature in Tamil that trace the history of thousands of years, it is classical literature that is noteworthy. One of the classical texts, Muthollaayiram, carries the history of the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kings their valour, gifts, the country's greatness, prosperity, etc. It is composed in muthollaayiyiram venba verse and has all the grammatical elements together with woven syllables such as alliteration, rhyme, and harmony. Among them is the reality of words, in the substance of difference in the object of weeping, loss, and movement as states on the basis of delusion, novelty, and fear in the substance of God (leadership) The subject matter of pride and charity has also been explored. Moreover, the innocence and the happiness of reality have also been examined in detail in this article

A Review of the Aim and Trend of Hospitality in Sangam Literature

Hospitality plays a very important role in the culture of Tamils. Hospitality has been one of the life ethics of the people of the Sangam period. This article sets out to review the hospitality and culture of the Sangam literature. We will see about them in this article

The Virtue of Life as shared in Purananooru

Of the creatures in the world, man is the only one who thinks about what benefits him from what he does and does not think about the harm that will befall others. Literature was created by scholars to refute such an idea. In these exceptions, the Akam and Puram are divided and give us the golden life of the Sangam age. The Sangam poets who created these poems have shown their own lives as a life of noble pride. As a result of this life, in their works, they have highlighted in the literature the values of life such as effortfulness, helpfulness, selflessness, and love for life. Moreover, the Sangam literature is also a source of evidence and message for those who wish to know about the ancient Tamil civilization, linguistic excellence, cultural culture, etc. The Sangam literature is classified into Pathuppaattu and Ettutthokai. Literature, which describes the way human beings lived, can also show the way in which they should live. What is recorded in the Purananuru is not merely battlefield news. In Puram (external) thinking, the root of ethical thinking can be found to be concentrated. On the surface, which is regarded as generic, the ideas of life form the basis of morality. That is to say, society is a union of individuals. The virtues performed by individuals create the betterment of society. The morals practiced by the people in society are the morals of the society. Individual morality can be found in the Akam (family) sense and social morality in the Puram (external) sense. The ancient Tamils were heroic and virtuous. On the whole, it can be seen that purananuru is a treasure trove of history that highlights the heroic lives of the Sangam Tamils. This article highlights the ways of life of the heroic people in the Purananooru, such as war messages, life values, royal traditions, etc

Private reputation retrieval in public - a privacy-aware announcement scheme for VANETs

An announcement scheme is a system that facilitates vehicles to broadcast road-related information in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in order to improve road safety and efficiency. Here, the authors propose a new cryptographic primitive for public updating of reputation score based on the Boneh–Boyen–Shacham short group signature scheme. This allows private reputation score retrieval without a secure channel. Using this, the authors devise a privacy-aware announcement scheme using reputation systems which is reliable, auditable, and robust

The Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve - Its Clinical importance in Carpal Tunnel Release: A Cadaver study

INTRODUCTION: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist. In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum is tightly packed with the long flexor tendons of the fingers with their surrounding synovial sheaths. The decompression of median nerve by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) is well accepted as the treatment of choice for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. It is assumed that most of the postoperative complications are due to injuries to the distal branches of the median nerve. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve was one of the main branches of median nerve that can easily get injured during open carpal tunnel release. The precise zone of sensation in the palm is difficult to define, due to the extensive overlap of sensory supply from the main median nerve. The evolution of the technique of carpal tunnel release reflects growing awareness of the cutaneous innervations of the palm and its implication on postoperative scar tenderness. AIMS OF THE STUDY: 1. To study and trace the anatomic course of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. 2. To analyze the variations of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. 3. To assess the other sensory nerve contributions to the palm. 4. To analyze the post operative sequelae following accidental division of palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve in carpal tunnel release. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 hands of 12 cadavers were dissected. The incision was made from mid-forearm, extending vertically up to distal wrist crease. The incision turned towards the ulnar half of ring finger up to distal palmar crease. Then the incision turned towards the ulnar aspect of thumb. The incision was deepened. The palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve was traced from midforearm and traced along its course. The median nerve was identified between the tendon of flexor Carpi radialis and Palmaris longus (PL) and then was picked up. Each PCN was identified using blunt dissection, and was traced proximally to its intraneural origin from the median nerve. Each PCBMN was then carefully dissected distally, dividing the skin overlying its course and tracing individual branches radially, and towards the ulnar side until its termination in the undersurface of the skin. The variations and other sensory nerve contributions were noted. The findings were recorded, photographed and tabulated. CONCLUSIONS: Palmar Cutaneous branch of Median nerve is not a myth. • But it is not present as it is described in text books. • It is not a constant branch of Median nerve. • It could be absent unilaterally or bilaterally. • Our dissections show that PCBMN supplies mainly thenar eminence. • So, accidental division of Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve may not cause sensory loss in the palm as there are additional contributions from branches from median nerve and common digital nerves

Screening of Antibacterial and Phytochemical activity of Acalypha indica Linn against isolated respiratory pathogens

Our present study was undertaken to investigate antibacterial activity and phytochemical studies in leaf extraction of Acalypha indica against the Respiratory tract pathogens. The shade dried leaves powder was used to prepare extracts by using Aqueous and Alcohol under crude and soxhlet method. The antibacterial activity was studied by using agar well diffusion method. The result showed that crude aqueous extract is effective against all tested pathogen. Highest inhibition of zone was recorded in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16mm). Aqueous and Alcoholic extracts reveals the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids,Steroids, Saponin, Tannins, Quinine, Coumarin and Phenol

Spectrum Sensing and Mitigation of Primary User Emulation Attack in Cognitive Radio

The overwhelming growth of wireless communication has led to spectrum shortage issues. In recent days, cognitive radio (CR) has risen as a complete solution for the issue. It is an artificial intelligence-based radio which is capable of finding the free spectrum and utilises it by adapting itself to the environment. Hence, searching of the free spectrum becomes the key task of the cognitive radio termed as spectrum sensing. Some malicious users disrupt the decision-making ability of the cognitive radio. Proper selection of the spectrum scheme and decision-making capability of the cognitive reduces the chance of colliding with the primary user. This chapter discusses the suitable spectrum sensing scheme for low noise environment and a trilayered solution to mitigate the primary user emulation attack (PUEA) in the physical layer of the cognitive radio. The tag is generated in three ways. Sequences were generated using DNA and chaotic algorithm. These sequences are then used as the initial seed value for the generation of gold codes. The output of the generator is considered as the authentication tag. This tag is used to identify the malicious user, thereby PUEA is mitigated. Threat-free environment enables the cognitive radio to come up with a precise decision about the spectrum holes