ARCHANGEL: Tamper-proofing Video Archives using Temporal Content Hashes on the Blockchain

We present ARCHANGEL; a novel distributed ledger based system for assuring the long-term integrity of digital video archives. First, we describe a novel deep network architecture for computing compact temporal content hashes (TCHs) from audio-visual streams with durations of minutes or hours. Our TCHs are sensitive to accidental or malicious content modification (tampering) but invariant to the codec used to encode the video. This is necessary due to the curatorial requirement for archives to format shift video over time to ensure future accessibility. Second, we describe how the TCHs (and the models used to derive them) are secured via a proof-of-authority blockchain distributed across multiple independent archives. We report on the efficacy of ARCHANGEL within the context of a trial deployment in which the national government archives of the United Kingdom, Estonia and Norway participated.Comment: Accepted to CVPR Blockchain Workshop 201

The Use of Mobility Data for Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to upend the way people move, work, and gather, governments, businesses, and public health researchers have looked increasingly at mobility data to support pandemic response. This data, assets that describe human location and movement, generally has been collected for purposes directly related to a company's business model, including optimizing the delivery of consumer services, supply chain management or targeting advertisements. However, these call detail records, smartphone-mobility data, vehicle-derived GPS, and other mobility data assets can also be used to study patterns of movement. These patterns of movement have, in turn, been used by organizations to forecast disease spread and inform decisions on how to best manage activity in certain locations.Researchers at The GovLab and Cuebiq, supported by the Open Data Institute, identified 51 notable projects from around the globe launched by public sector and research organizations with companies that use mobility data for these purposes. It curated five projects among this listing that highlight the specific opportunities (and risks) presented by using this asset. Though few of these highlighted projects have provided public outputs that make assessing project success difficult, organizations interviewed considered mobility data to be a useful asset that enabled better public health surveillance, supported existing decision-making processes, or otherwise allowed groups to achieve their research goals.The report below summarizes some of the major points identified in those case studies. While acknowledging that location data can be a highly sensitive data type that can facilitate surveillance or expose data subjects if used carelessly, it finds mobility data can support research and inform decisions when applied toward narrowly defined research questions through frameworks that acknowledge and proactively mitigate risk. These frameworks can vary based on the individual circumstances facing data users, suppliers, and subjects. However, there are a few conditions that can enable users and suppliers to promote publicly beneficial and responsible data use and overcome the serious obstacles facing them.For data users (governments and research institutions), functional access to real-time and contextually relevant data can support research goals, even though a lack of data science competencies and both short and long-term funding sources represent major obstacles for this goal. Data suppliers (largely companies), meanwhile, need governance structures and mechanisms that facilitate responsible re-use, including data re-use agreements that define who, what, where, and when, and under what conditions data can be shared. A lack of regulatory clarity and the absence of universal governance and privacy standards have impeded effective and responsible dissemination of mobility for research and humanitarian purposes. Finally, for both data users and suppliers, we note that collaborative research networks that allow organizations to seek out and provide data can serve as enablers of project success by facilitating exchange of methods and resources, and closing the gap between research and practice.Based on these findings, we recommend the development of clear governance and privacy frameworks, increased capacity building around data use within the public sector, and more regular convenings of ecosystem stakeholders (including the public and data subjects) to broaden collaborative networks. We also propose solutions towards making the responsible use of mobility data more sustainable for longterm impact beyond the current pandemic. A failure to develop regulatory and governance frameworks that can responsibly manage mobility data could lead to a regression to the ad hoc and uncoordinated approaches that previously defined mobility data applications. It could also lead to disparate standards about organizations' responsibilities to the public

ARCHANGEL: Trusted Archives of Digital Public Documents

We present ARCHANGEL; a de-centralised platform for ensuring the long-term integrity of digital documents stored within public archives. Document integrity is fundamental to public trust in archives. Yet currently that trust is built upon institutional reputation --- trust at face value in a centralised authority, like a national government archive or University. ARCHANGEL proposes a shift to a technological underscoring of that trust, using distributed ledger technology (DLT) to cryptographically guarantee the provenance, immutability and so the integrity of archived documents. We describe the ARCHANGEL architecture, and report on a prototype of that architecture build over the Ethereum infrastructure. We report early evaluation and feedback of ARCHANGEL from stakeholders in the research data archives space.Comment: Submitted to ACM Document Engineering 201

Pertinence des soins en chirurgie bariatrique

International audienc

Bariatric surgery, hypercoagulable state and venous thromboembolism disease : from monocentric study to nationwide cohort study

Introduction: L’obésité est un facteur connu d’hypercoagulabilité in vitro et in vivo. Cependant peu d’études se sont intéressées aux facteurs de risque d’hypercoagulabilité biologique chez le patient obèse morbide, à sa variation après chirurgie bariatrique (CB) ainsi qu’aux facteurs de risques de maladie thromboembolique veineuse (MTEV) postopératoire après CB. Matériel et Méthodes: Tous les patients destinés à une CB entre le 1er Septembre 2014 et le 31 Janvier 2016 au CHU de Brest étaient éligibles pour notre étude de cohorte locale et ont bénéficié d’un large bilan sanguin préopératoire et à 12 mois postopératoires, incluant des tests de génération de thrombine (GT) avec mesure du potentiel endogène de thrombine (ETP), une méthode validée globale d’évaluation de la coagulation. En parallèle, nous avons extrait de la base du SNIIRAM de l’assurance maladie, tous les patients opérés d’une CB entre le 1er Janvier 2012 et le 30 Septembre 2014 et déterminer la fréquence d’une MTEV dans les 90 jours suivants la CB. Résultats: Cent-deux patients étaient inclus dans notre étude de cohorte brestoise. Les facteurs de risque (OR (95% IC)) de présenter un ETP dans le 4ème quartile de distribution étaient : taux de cholestérol total augmenté (Pas=1mmol/l) (2,6 (1,2-5,4);P =0,01) et taux de fibrinogène augmenté (Pas=1 g/l) (2,2; (1,1-4,5);P = 0,03). A un an post-opératoire (%perte de poids: 33.1±8.3), on retrouvait une baisse significative de l’ETP (%) (111 (96-129) vs. 84 (72-102) ; P<0.001), du taux de fibrinogène (g/l) (4,2±0,8 vs. 3,6±0,8 ; P<0.001) et une baisse non significative du taux de cholestérol total (mmol/l) (4,8±0,8 vs. 4,6±1,0; P=0,08). Apres extraction à partir du SNIIRAM, 110.824 patients étaient inclus. Le taux de MTEV dans les 90 jours était de 0,51%. Les principaux facteurs de risque de MTEV retrouvés en analyse multivariée étaient (P<0.001): un antécédent de MTEV (6,41 (4,50-9,14)), des complications post-opératoires (9,23 (7,30-11,68)), une défaillance cardiaque (2,45 (1,48-4,06), une chirurgie par laparotomie (2,38 (1,59-3,45)), un IMC ≥ 50 kg/m² (1,67 (1,28-2,18)), une sleeve gastrectomy (2,02 (1,39-2,93)) et une procédure de deuxième intention (1,37 (1,10-1,72)). Conclusion : Sur une étude de cohorte de plus de 110.000 patients, nous identifions un taux faible de MTEV dans les 90 jours post-opératoires après CB dépendant de facteurs de risque individuels et liés à la chirurgie. De surcroit nous identifions une baisse de la GT à 1 an post-opératoire en parallèle à une perte de poids massive et à une diminution de l’état inflammatoire.Introduction: Obese patients are known to be in an in vitro and in an in vivo hypercoagulable state relative to normal-weight patients. Studies focusing exclusively on morbidly obese patients are lacking. Our study aimed to identify markers of enhanced coagulability, to compare its evolution one year after bariatric surgery (BS) and to determine risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 90 postoperative days. Methods: All patients scheduled for bariatric surgery (BS) between September 1, 2014 and January 31, 2016 in Brest University Hospital were eligible for our prospective local study. In vitro coagulation was assessed using thrombin generation (TG) tests (Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP)). Data on all patients undergoing BS in France from 1st January 2012 to 30 September 2014 were also extracted from the database of the French national health care (SNIIRAM) to determine the rate of VTE in the 90 days after surgery. Results: One hundred and two patients were included in our study assessing TG. Risk factors for enhanced TG (ETP in the 4th quartile) were increased total cholesterol level (Step=1mmol/l) (2.6 (1.2-5.4); P =0.01) and increased fibrinogen level (Step=1g/l) (2.2 (1.1-4.5); P=0.03). At 12 postoperative months, we found a significant lower ETP (%) (111 (96-129) vs. 84 (72-102 P<0.001)), fibrinogen level (g/l) (4.2±0.8 vs. 3.6±0.8; P<0.001)) and a non-significant trend for lower total cholesterol level (mmol/l) (4.8±0.8 vs. 4.6±1.0; P=0.08). After extraction of the SNIIRAM database, 110,824 patients were included with a rate of VTE of 0.51% (90 post-operative days). Main risk factors for postoperative VTE were (p<0.001): history of VTE (6.41 (4.50-9.14)), postoperative complications (9.23 (7.30-11.68)), heart failure (2.45 (1.48-4.06), open approach (2.38 (1.59-3.45)), BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² (1.67 (1.28-2.18)), sleeve gastrectomy (2.02 (1.39-2.93)) and redo procedure (1.37 (1.10-1.72)). Conclusions: Our study highlights the role of total cholesterol and blood inflammatory marker levels in enhancing TG in morbidly obese patients and shows a decrease of TG at 12 months after BS. The risk of postoperative VTE after BS is low depending on the individual risk level

Risque thromboembolique veineux après une chirurgie bariatrique

National audienc