Riqueza, endemismo y conservación de los mamíferos de Colombia

We update the list of Colombian mammal species based upon a new revision of specimens in the major collections within and outside the country and a compilation of recent taxonomic changes of species present in the country. The result of these changes is a total of 492 native species, which represents a net increment of 62 species with respect to the previous list published in the year 2000, and this exceeds similar updates in other Neotropical countries. Although the level of knowledge differs greatly between groups, we provide some general indicators, as diversity on the level of orders, endemism, patterns of distribution, and conservation state. The greatest species richness occurs in the orders Chiroptera (198 spp.) and Rodentia (122 spp.), but there are 23 endemic species of rodents in contrast to only seven endemic bats. According to the nature and scale of the evaluations, between 39 (MAVDT) and 52 (IUCN) species of Colombian mammals are considered to be endangered. The major threats are still deforestation, hunting and illegal commerce

Research and in situ conservation of owl monkeys enhances environmental law enforcement at the Colombian-Peruvian border

This study reports on impacts of illegal trade in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae, A. vociferans) for the biomedical research market in the Colombian-Peruvian Amazonian border. Through freedom of information requests and interviews with hunters we found that 912 owl monkeys, including A. nancymaae captured in Peru, were trapped over a 3-month period in 2012 to supply a malaria research facility based in Leticia, Colombia, which had trapping permits for the use of only 800 A. vociferans annually yet experimentation took place using A. nancymaae. High levels of extraction in Peru have had population-level impacts with significantly lower densities of Aotus spp. (3-24individuals/km2) compared to Colombian sites with low hunting pressure (26-44individuals/km2). Post-experimental release of this species in Colombian territory has created a new distribution whose status and impacts on resident populations of A. vociferans remain unknown. The trapping method has also had environmental impact, with loss of over 65,000 trees (including sleeping sites), annually. As Aotus species are registered under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, international trade requires official permission and evidence that extraction does not impact wild populations. However, no official records exist and CITES legislation has failed, due principally to a lack of appropriate monitoring by national authorities responsible for compliance. Of further concern is that we had previously documented and reported the illegal trade to the appropriate governmental authorities yet still no action was taken-as demonstrated by the continuing trade in 2013. Enforcement eventually occurred when a non-governmental organization initiated legal action against organizations responsible. A successful second instance ruling by the Colombian State's Council in 2013 revoked trapping permits. Using the trade in owl monkeys as a case study we consider implementation, compliance, and enforcement of CITES in the border area to identify mechanisms to improve enforcement of environmental legislation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:658-669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

La fauna de la Orinoquia

La típica fauna orinoquense, está representada en la literatura y la tradición por los animales que han sido más evidentes al ojo o al oído humanos, o los que con mayor frecuencia figuran en los cuentos, leyendas y temores de la gente, o aquellos que son el blanco más frecuente de. la caza para consumo. Los más conocidos y fácilmente observados en los Llanos Orientales incluyen el venado sabanero |(Odocoileusvirginianus), el chigüiro(Hydróchaeris hydrochaeris), y la corocora roja |(Eudocimusruber). La fauna orinoquense abarca también a uno de los animales con la vocalización más poderosa del reino animal como lo es el araguato o mono cotudo |(Alouattaseniculus) qué puede ser escuchado a varios kilómetros de distancia, |o las diversas especies de guacamayas (Am spp.), cuyas bandadas rompen el silencio de la mañana al dirigirse a sus habituales lugares de alimentación o al atardecer cuando regresan a sus dormideros. También comprende varios animales que se consideran peligrosos para los humanos, como el tigre |(Panthera onca), el güío negro o anaconda |(Eunectes murinus), el caimán del Orinoco |(Crocodylus intermedius) y la cuatronarices |(Bothropsatrox). Por ser las más evidentes y vistosas, las aves son tal vez el grupo de vertebrados que mayor simpatía despierta en el público en general. Igualmente es el grupo de más alta diversidad dentro de los vertebrados, ya que puede superar el millar de especies y subespecies. Esta es la región natural que contiene un mayor porcentaje de la avifauna nacional; no obstante, su estado de conservación deja mucho que desear y los cambios introducidos al medio ambiente, por el desordenado e inconsciente desarrollo agrícola y pecuario, han reducido notablemente las poblaciones de diversas especies y puesto en duda la. supervivencia regional de otras, cuya distribución natural ha tenido en los Llanos una importante zona de alimentación en sus habituales y obligadas rutas de migración transcontinental o regional

Zoonimia y vernácula en Yucuna

Se presenta una lista de nombres vernáculos de animales en lengua Yucuna de la región del bajo río Caquetá, Mirití-Paraná, bajo río Apaporis (Departamentos de Amazonas y Vaupés, Colombia), con sus correspondientes binomios científicos. Se incluyen 274 nombres para 218 animales de la región.A glossary of animal names in the Yucuna language from the region of the lower Caquetá river, Mirití-Paraná and the lower Apaporis river (Amazonas and Vaupés departments, Colombia) is presented along with their scientifie binomials. The list includes 274 names and variations for 218 animals of the region

The influence of landscape relative to site and patch variables on primate distributions in the Colombian Llanos

Context: Primates are an important component of biodiversity in tropical regions. However, many studies on the effects of habitat change on primates ignore the relative influence of landscape composition and configuration. Objectives: This study addresses the question: how important are landscape-scale forest area and composition relative to patch-scale (1–1080\ua0ha) and site-scale (transect of 1\ua0km) habitat variables for the occupancy and abundance of four primate species in the Colombian Llanos. Methods: Using a randomly stratified survey design, 81 fragments were surveyed for primate occupancy and abundance. We used zero-inflated models to test the relative influence of landscape-scale, patch-scale and site-scale variables on occupancy and abundance for each species. A 95% confidence set of models was constructed using the cumulative Akaike weight for each model and the relative importance of each set of variables calculated for each primate species. Results: Occupancy was determined by a combination of site-scale, patch-scale and landscape-scale variables but this varied substantially among the primate species. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of managing primates at a range of scales that considers the relative importance of site-, patch- and landscape-scale variables

Terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus) : potential correlates, patterns, and differences between genera

For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids

Some Evolutionary Tendencies of Neotropical Primates

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Abstract</span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The evolution of neotropical primates has occurred isolated from other primates of the world so that there is a distinct evolutionary history. There are various characteristics of neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) that are quite distinct from those of the Old World (Catarrhini), including the dental formula, the position of cranial plates, the anatomy of the auditory apparatus, average body weights much less, much less terrestrial adaptation, prehensile tails for some, and conservative phenotypes. Additionally monogamous forms of platyrrhini share a tendency for rapid chromosome evolution with one monogamous group of catarrhines. The phyletic history of the platyrrhine monkeys seems to contrast with that of the catarrhine inasmuch as there was a very early division of the New World monkeys into groups that exist today, whereas the appearance of Old World primate family groups seemed to have happened much more recently in the Plio-Pleistocene. Some of these tendencies can be explained hypothetically, looking at ecological characteristics suggested for the new continent while other tendencies are perhaps the result of random evolutionary pathways taken during the course of evolution. Nevertheless there is still much work to do to be able to recognize the singularities of the Platyrrines and to appreciate the details of their evolution.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Key words</span></strong><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">. Primate evolution, platyrrhine evolution, Neotropical primate evolution.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES">Resumen</span></strong><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES">La evolución de los primates neotropicales ha transcurrido aislada o de forma independiente a la de los otros primates del mundo, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>por lo que poseen una historia evolutiva diferente. Hay varias características de los primates neotropicales que son bien distintas a los del Viejo Mundo, incluyendo la formula dental, el arreglo de las placas craneales, la anatomía del aparato auditivo, aunque también se puede incluir pesos corporales menores, una menor adaptación a los <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>comportamientos terrestres, algunos poseen colas prensiles, todos presentan una baja diferenciación fenotípica y las especies monógamas<span style="color: red;"> </span>están ligadas a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>una evolución rápida de los cromosomas. La monogamia observada en varios grupos de Platyrrhines, puede ser la hipótesis para explicar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>la alta tasa de evolución cariotípica y esta evolución rápida está compartida con un grupo monógamo de Catarrhinos (los Hylobatidos o gibones). La historia filogenética de los platirrinos, contrasta con la de lo catarrhinos debido a una división filética antigua de los primates del Nuevo Mundo en dos grupos, con características filogenéticas expresadas en las especies actuales. En contraste, la diferenciación de los catarrhinos con características que se puede identificar en especies actuales no sucedió sino hasta el Plio-Pleistoceno. Algunas de estas tendencias, pueden ser explicadas hipotéticamente teniendo en cuenta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>las características ecológicas planteadas en el nuevo continente, otras tendencias tal vez son el resultado de caminos evolutivos tomados al azar durante la evolución del grupo o como resultado de un efecto fundador (founder effect). Sin embargo, queda mucho trabajo para reconocer la totalidad de las singularidades de este grupo y de apreciar los detalles de su evolución.</span></span><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES">Palabras clave</span></strong><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES">. Evolución primates, evolución platirrinos, evolución primates neotropicales</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';" lang="ES"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: 'MS Sans Serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p&gt

A remote park in Colombia

In the half million hectares of the remote El Tuparro National Park, on the Venezuelan frontier, the abundant wildlife includes the Orinoco crocodile and a good population of the endangered giant otter. Hitherto access to the park has been poor, and the only people are a few settlers and Indians hunting with bows and arrows, but new roads are bringing in both new settlers and vehicle drivers with guns.</jats:p

RESEARCHING PRIMATES IN EASTERN COLOMBIA: THIRTY-FIVE YEARS OF A PRIMATOLOGICAL LIFE

Se relata algunos detalles de la historia de las investigaciones del autor en el oriente de Colombia durante 27 años de trabajo en Vichada, Vaupés, Amazonas y más recientemente en el Meta, desde 1977 hasta el presente. Se hace comentarios sobre cada investigación, ubicándola en el contexto de la primatología y se destacan algunas hipótesis e ideas del autor en cuanto a la naturaleza de las especies, las poblaciones de primates y otros grupos de mamíferos en el país. Especialmente se discute aspectos de los primates Cebus albifrons y su relación con Sapajus (=Cebus) apella (nuevo cambio taxonómico) , y los primates Callicebus lugens, Alouatta seniculus, Lagothrix lagothricha, Cacajao melanocephalus, Callicebus caquetensis y Callicebus ornatus.Some details of the history of the author's investigations in eastern Colombia are recounted during 27 years of work in Vichada, Vaupés, Amazonas and more recently in Meta, from 1977 to the present. Comments are made on each investigation, placing it in the context of primatology and some hypotheses and ideas of the author regarding the nature of the species, populations of primates and other groups of mammals in the country are highlighted. Especially aspects of the primates Cebus albifrons and their relationship with Sapajus (=Cebus) apella (new taxonomic change), and the primates Callicebus lugens, Alouatta seniculus, Lagothrix lagothricha, Cacajao melanocephalus, Callicebus caquetensis and Callicebus ornatus are discussed