The development of trade to the end of the second century A.D. between the eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire and the countries lying further east

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Human milk banking to 1985

This paper provides a literature review of the use of donor human milk by hospitals in Australia and elsewhere from the postwar period through to the early 1980s, and establishes the context for a small study of practices which happened in that period. The latter study will be reported elsewhere. The purpose of this paper is to provide a resource for future comparison when the history of the new hospital milk banks of the 21st century is written. Relevant literature in English and two articles in French were accessed

The dilemma of breastmilk feeding

Today, feeding expressed milk, usually by bottle, is being ‘normalised’. This mode of infant feeding has shifted from something needed in relatively few circumstances to the norm, with personal, family, industrial relations, and women’s rights implications. We have seen the feeding of infants with artificial baby milks develop from its rightful place as an option required in only a limited range of circumstances, to being seen as a life choice or even a necessity, helped by the power of marketing. The definitions below (Box 1) provide a basis for the discussion which follows (Thorley 2010)

‘There is absolutely NO SUBSTITUTE for fresh milk’: dairy marketing in Australia, twentieth century

This article discusses marketing of dairy products in twentieth-century Australia with the focus on liquid cow’s milk or products that could be reconstituted with the addition of water to make cow’s milk for domestic use. The marketing of other processed products of dairy origin, namely, butter, cream and manufactured infant-feeding products (“formula”), will not be covered here. Early in the century when municipal health officials had very real concerns about the cleanliness of dairies and the safety of water supplies for households, public health officials began to regulate dairies. Marketing addressed the concerns of consumers about safety, even decades into the century, and affordability and convenience increasingly developed as strong selling points; underlying all was the concept of cow’s milk as a “complete” food. By at least the 1960s the industry was seeking out opinion leaders to reach its key markets of children and pregnant or breastfeeding women

Sharing breastmilk: Wet nursing, cross-feeding and milk donations

Wet nursing and cross feeding both involve the breastfeeding of a child by someone other than the mother. Wet nursing involves a woman who is not the social equal of the employer, is never reciprocal, and is normally for payment. Cross feeding (also 'cross nursing') is the informal sharing of breastfeeding between equals, and is usually unpaid and may be reciprocal. Community attitudes in the late 20th and early 21st centuries are distrustful of this practice, though satisfaction is reported by the women involved in sharing breastfeeding. Community unease has included feelings of revulsion, rationalized by concern about the transmission of infections. Yet recently there have been sporadic feature articles in the print media reporting instances of, and opinions, on these practices. This review article explores the sharing of breastfeeding, principally in Australia, and provides an historical context for concerns about transmission of infection. These issues will also be discussed in relation to human milk banking

The effects of latent inhibitory processes on subsequent conditioning : temporal factors and order phenomena

Some interference theories of extinction assert that the conditioned response decrement results from the attachment of incompatible associations to a stimulus which formerly had a strong tendency to evoke the conditioned response. In Chapter I, it is argued that this type of theory implies that the incompatible associations acquired via the extinction procedure will be subject to pro-active inhibition by virtue of the fact that extinction forms the second stage of an A-B, A-D negative transfer paradigm. On these grounds, it is possible to interpret the apparent retardation of extinction by spaced trial intervals, and the spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response with rest, as order effects resulting :from pro-active inhibition. The possible confounding of extinction phenomena by order effects limits understanding of the extinction process. This thesis stresses the importance of reversing the two stage conditioning-extinction sequence. An initial series of unreinforced presentations of a stimulus followed, at a later stage, by a series of reinforced presentations of that stimulus, constitutes a procedural reversal. This reversal is referred to herein as the latent inhibition paradigm, and is considered as a possible counterbalanced arrangement for assessing order effects in. extinction. Studies, prior to the inception of the programme of research outlined in this thesis, were not viewed in this perspective. Nevertheless, these early studies, which are reviewed in Chapter II, had shown that initial unreinforced exposure of the CS inhibits subsequent conditioning, Moreover, it becomes apparent in the review of the literature, that this inhibitory effect is not necessarily contingent upon the pre-exposure and the conditioning phases being given in a single session. Hence, it seemed appropriate to infer that the inhibitory process, underlying the effects of initial unreinforced presentations of the CS, has elements of permanence(that is, learning characteristics),

Mental Health and Looked After Children Time for change not more of the same

There are fundamental difficulties currently existing with mental health provision for all children including LAC at this time within the UK. Investment into service provision is highlighted as the main barrier in providing support or intervention for children or adolescents, there appears to be little regard for the longer term costs of not providing support or intervention. This includes a deterioration mental wellbeing, and overall health as portrayed within the ACE study. These factors directly correlate to any future employment and adult service need. More concerning are the wider impact indicators for LAC as they progress throughout adolescence. It is well documented that LAC individually and collectively achieve less academically than their peers, and are more likely to be excluded within behaviour policies for schools in addition to being identified as having SEN compared to their peers. Within the Youth Justice system there are proportionally more LAC than their non LAC peers and higher levels of substance misuse. All recommendations addressing early intervention for the mental wellbeing of not only LAC but all children, highlight the positive outcomes in economic terms for the Government and for the individual both short and long term. Whilst a review of current provision may be urgently required, this appears to be a repetition of what is already known. This report argues that it is now time for change not more of the same and whilst on the 9th January 2017 Theresa May, Prime Minister for the UK, announced new approaches to Mental Health for Children and Young People asking that the Care Quality Commission lead a review of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to ascertain what works well and what does not. Whilst this may be commendable, a review of this nature has been available since 2009. This suggests that even when recommendations are made little changes in the real world for these childre