Doğu kayını ormanında yapılan aralamanın, büyüme, kök biyokütlesi ve toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri

In this study, three thinning treatments were applied on a 0.54 ha, young oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand (25-30 years old) in Karadag, Artvin in the fall of 1999. The treatments were: (1) no thinning, (2) light thinning, and (3) heavy thinning. Prior to thinning, the stand averaged 15000 trees ha-1 and 40.0 m2 ha-1 of basal area, with an average mean diameter of 5 cm. Thinning reduced stand basal areas to about 31.1 and 24.9 m2 ha-1 for the light and heavy thinning treatments, respectively. After 3-year, diameter increment was the highest in heavily thinned stand and the lowest in unthinned stand. The increment in stand basal area was about 10, 18 and 27 % in the unthinned, lightly thinned, and heavily thinned stands, respectively. Fine root biomass significantly decreased with thinning and thinning had no significant effects on soil pH and soil organic matter content.Bu çalışmada, Karadağ - Artvin bölgesinde ve 0.54 ha büyüklüğündeki ve sırıklık çağındaki (25-30 yaş) doğal doğu kayını ormanında, üç farklı aralama işlemi (kontrol, mutedil aralama ve şiddetli aralama) Kasım 1999 tarihinde yapılmıştır. Aralamadan önce meşceredeki ağaç sayısı ortalama 15000 adet ha-1, göğüs yüzeyi 40.0 m2 ha-1 ve çap 5 cm olarak belirlenmiştir. Hafif ve şiddetli aralama sonucunda meşcere göğüs yüzeyleri yaklaşık olarak 31.1 ve 24.9 m2 ha-1’ a düşürülmüştür. Üç yıl sonunda çap artımı şiddetli aralama yapılan parsellerde en yüksek olarak belirlenmiş ve göğüs yüzeyindeki artış şiddetli müdahale yapılan parsellerde %27, mutedil aralama da %18 ve kontrol de ise %10 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kılcal kök kütlesi, şiddetli aralamaya maruz kalan parsellerde, kontrol ve mutedil aralama parsellerine oranla istatistik anlamda azalma göstermiştir. Toprak pH’ sı ve organik madde içeriği aralama ve kontrol parselleri arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermemiştir

A study of the health of Irish born people in London: the relevance of social and economic factors, health beliefs and behaviour.

This thesis argues that the health of Irish people in London is influenced by factors arising in both Ireland and Britain. Using different qualitative methods, the perceptions and experiences of Irish born people in London and professionals working with the Irish community were elicited. High levels of social distress, poor health and disability were evident and related to the experience of being Irish in London. Psychosocial factors associated with low income, poor housing and living in deprived localities added to the effects of discrimination and low socio-economic position. The insidiousness and specificity of anti-Irish racism evoked persistent feelings of insecurity, impacted on identity, access to health care and influenced ways of coping. Factors relating to earlier life in Ireland may also account for poor health. Resentment about unfairness which compelled interviewees to leave Ireland, and failure to acknowledge their remittances persisted long after the experience of culture shock and homesickness. Aspects of childhood, schooling and Irish society, abuse in institutions or by family were clearly linked to physical or mental ill-health by interviewees. Factors from both countries influenced health beliefs and behaviour. Smoking and alcohol were culturally acceptable strategies for coping with life's difficulties and although harmful, afforded dignity and control in a hostile environment. Religious or spiritual beliefs and practices, contact with Ireland and a sense of belonging in both countries were associated with better health and greater service uptake. Contrary to expectations there was considerable willingness to discuss painful, emotional issues and engage with culturally sensitive services. The pathways by which negative experiences impact upon health are not totally clear but the data highlight the relevance of psychosocial explanations. The thesis demonstrates a relationship between being Irish in London and ill-health but reveals the relevance of childhood experiences and factors associated with Ireland in understanding the complexity of the Irish health experience

Imaging modalities in synchronous oligometastatic prostate cancer

Purpose Along with a number of other malignancies, the term "oligometastatic" prostate cancer has recently emerged. It represents an attempt to define a subtype of cancer with a limited metastatic load that might perform more favorably than a distinctly disseminated disease, or even one that may be managed in a potentially curative way. Since there is currently a knowledge gap of what imaging modalities should be utilized to classify patients as having this type of tumor, we aimed to shed light on the role of conventional and marker-based imaging in the setting of synchronous oligometastatic prostate cancer as well as summarize the available evidence for its clinical application. Methods A literature search on December 15th 2017 was conducted using the Pubmed database. Results Functional imaging techniques like Ga-68 PSMA. Ga-68 PSMA PET-CT has currently been shown the best detection rates for the assessment of nodal, bone and visceral metastases, especially for smaller lesions at low PSA levels. Conclusions Functional imaging helps detect low-burden disease metastatic patients. However, these imaging modalities are not available in every center and thus clinicians may be prone to prescribe systemic treatment rather than referring patients for cytoreductive treatments. We hope that the ongoing prospective trials will help guide clinicians in making a more personalized management of synchronous metastatic patients

Concomitant Carcinoma in situ in Cystectomy Specimens Is Not Associated with Clinical Outcomes after Surgery

Objective: The aim of this study was to externally validate the prognostic value of concomitant urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) in radical cystectomy (RC) specimens using a large international cohort of bladder cancer patients. Methods: The records of 3,973 patients treated with RC and bilateral lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) at nine centers worldwide were reviewed. Surgical specimens were evaluated by a genitourinary pathologist at each center. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression models addressed time to recurrence and cancer-specific mortality after RC. Results: 1,741 (43.8%) patients had concomitant CIS in their RC specimens. Concomitant CIS was more common in organ-confined UCB and was associated with lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001). Concomitant CIS was not associated with either disease recurrence or cancer-specific death regardless of pathologic stage. The presence of concomitant CIS did not improve the predictive accuracy of standard predictors for either disease recurrence or cancer-specific death in any of the subgroups. Conclusions: We could not confirm the prognostic value of concomitant CIS in RC specimens. This, together with the discrepancy between pathologists in determining the presence of concomitant CIS at the morphologic level, limits the clinical utility of concomitant CIS in RC specimens for clinical decision-making. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

A Mixed Methods Exploration of the Sense of Self among People Diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome in Adulthood

Asperger syndrome is a relatively recent diagnostic classification. Several factors, including a high prevalence of mental illness, mean receiving a diagnosis in adulthood is a very unique experience but remarkably there is little literature about the impact on individuals. Instead the dominance of the medical/psychiatric paradigm pervades and limits understanding and possibilities. The main implication is a lack of clarity about what support services are needed and effective, and as such the needs of this population are often overlooked. This is the first study to explore the sense of self among a sample of males and females diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in adulthood using social constructionist and constructivist ideas. It was interested in whether personal construal of the self before diagnosis and self after diagnosis were differentiated. Given the importance in the development of self-concept of discriminations between the self and others, the research also sought to explore how people diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in adulthood construe other people with and without Asperger syndrome. Using the repertory grid and other techniques from Personal Construct Psychology (Kelly, 1955) in combination with a semi-structured interview, this study presents a novel exploration of idiosyncrasies and commonalities across a demographically diverse sample of eight participants. An extended analysis of a unique subsample of women diagnosed aged 50 years and over was undertaken. Both cognitively complex and simple construct systems were found across the sample. Findings indicated the self before diagnosis was construed critically and was more elaborated than the self after diagnosis. Several participants had a reduced sense of self following diagnosis. The diagnosis offered an explanation of symptoms but for some participants these symptoms were a way of life and accommodating the new label with the existing view of self posed challenges. An overarching and striking theme was the sense of difference felt by participants before and after diagnosis. This study offers a fresh insight into a virtually unexplored population which, through dissemination, may influence the way clinical psychologists and other practitioners work to support adults diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Recommendations for clinical practice included approaches that target the need for individuality, commonality and sociality, and should be gender-specific where possible. Such approaches might elaborate multiple aspects of self, the diagnosis and related dilemmas. They should support people to widen their perceptual field to alternative ways of construing and explore change. The mixed method approach was assessed to be a strength of the study and a number of recommendations for future research are presented.

Influence of acorn size and storage duration on moisture content, germination and survival of Quercus petraea (Mattuschka)

This study was conducted to evaluate how acorn size (small, medium and large) and acorn storage duration (0, 5 and 17 months) influenced Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) moisture content and germination. Acorn size and storage duration did not significantly affect acorn moisture content, but they significantly affected acorn germination performance. When averaged for three acorn sizes, loss of germination performance occurred after 17 months of storage even when the moisture content did not reduce significantly and remain at the initial level (32.6%). Maximum germination percentage was observed in large and medium size classes before storage (93 and 95%, respectively) and after 5-month storage (94 and 93%, respectively), but after 17-month storage medium acorn size class exhibited the highest germination (68%). Small seed size class exhibited the lowest germination percentage and rate in each acorn storage duration. Acorn size also significantly affected seedling emergence and survival in the nursery and seedling emergence and survival was the lowest in small seed size class (85 and 80%, respectively). Although seedling survival of one-year seedlings in the nursery increased up to large seed size class, maximum survival in nursery conditions was observed in large and medium size classes (89 and 91%, respectively). Thus, acorn size grading in Q. petraea may result in higher germination performance within in a seedbed