Guarantor’s obligation in criminal law

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie treści obowiązku działania po stronie gwaranta nienastąpienia skutku w prawie karnym. Dyskusja wokół przesłanek odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępstwa skutkowe popełnione przez zaniechanie skupia się z reguły na zagadnieniu związku przyczynowego oraz źródeł obowiązku po stronie gwaranta. Autor analizuje treść tego obowiązku, a więc to, co jest gwarantowi nakazane czynić.Autor wskazuje, jakie są granice obowiązku ze względu na rodzaj niebezpieczeństwa, któremu gwarant ma przeciwdziałać. Ponadto omawia, jakie są konsekwencje niespełnienia obowiązku albo niewłaściwego spełnienia obowiązku przez osobę zobowiązaną do zapobiegnięcia skutkowi.The purpose of this paper is to present the duties of a person obliged to prevent the occurrence of a consequential harm in criminal law. The discussion on criminal liability for consequential crimes committed as a result of a failure to perform a specific legal duty usually focuses only on the broken chain of causation and omission to act, and the sources of the obligation to take an action. The author analyses the content of the warrant’s duties, or, in other words, what a warrant is obliged to do.The limits of the obligation depending on a specific situation which is to be prevented are also discussed, followed by a list of consequences for a failure to perform the duty or improper performance of the duty by a person obliged to prevent criminal consequences

Budowanie warsztatu aktora (casus Zbigniewa Cybulskiego)

Building the at of acting (casus Zbigniew Cybulski) 2017 brings two important anniversaries: the 90th anniversary of the birth (1927) and 50th anniversary of the death of Zbigniew Cybulski, Polands foremost actor of the 1960s and the hero of his time. His image (dark sunglasses, leather jacket, worn jeans and sneakers and ever-present backpack) was imitated by thousands of Poles. For Cybulski one of the most important means of expression were gestures. This was very important in one of Cybulskis first films - Ashes and Diamonds. Cybulski developed his arsenal of acting expression in subsequent films, including: Night Train, See you tomorrow, No more divorces, The Saragossa Manscript, Salto, The Codes, Jowita.Building the at of acting (casus Zbigniew Cybulski) 2017 brings two important anniversaries: the 90th anniversary of the birth (1927) and 50th anniversary of the death of Zbigniew Cybulski, Polands foremost actor of the 1960s and the hero of his time. His image (dark sunglasses, leather jacket, worn jeans and sneakers and ever-present backpack) was imitated by thousands of Poles. For Cybulski one of the most important means of expression were gestures. This was very important in one of Cybulskis first films - Ashes and Diamonds. Cybulski developed his arsenal of acting expression in subsequent films, including: Night Train, See you tomorrow, No more divorces, The Saragossa Manscript, Salto, The Codes, Jowita

Ars moriendi – gdy początek oznacza kres

Both the beginning and the end of human life are connected to many moral dilemmas. The discussion becomes especially emotional when we deal with the situation of parents (or sometimes just a mother) who decide about their baby’s life in its prenatal phase of development. The in vitro procedure itself still gives rise to a number of doubts in some circles. Especially the multiple embryo transfer exposes the mother to a potential stress of deciding about the further course of pregnancy. To be more precise: some patients are persuaded into selective abortion. Polish law allows abortion in three cases. Still, the act of 1997 does not seem to be precise enough.On the one hand there is a threat of it being abused, on the other – there are difficulties when it comes to it being executed. Due to the medical advancement issues that were obvious twenty years ago need to be newly evaluated (e.g. the age of an infant capable of surviving outside the mother’s womb is gradually decreasing). It also seems that it is necessary to look upon terms such as abortion, termination, lethal defects, overzealous therapy, abandoning overzealous therapy, euthanasia (active, passive), euthanasia attitude, hospice care attitude, chronic condition, terminal phase, terminal state, palliative care.It becomes crucial especially now when Poland is faced with projects of opposing legal acts: those delegalizing abortion completely and those allowing for complete freedom of it. Therefore, a sound bioethical discussion is in order, such that will allow for the optimal standpoint. At the same time it would be beneficial to concentrate on thanalogy education because, as distant and unrealistic those ultimate matter may seem now, they concern every human being.Both the beginning and the end of human life are connected to many moral dilemmas. The discussion becomes especially emotional when we deal with the situation of parents (or sometimes just a mother) who decide about their baby’s life in its prenatal phase of development. The in vitro procedure itself still gives rise to a number of doubts in some circles. Especially the multiple embryo transfer exposes the mother to a potential stress of deciding about the further course of pregnancy. To be more precise: some patients are persuaded into selective abortion. Polish law allows abortion in three cases. Still, the act of 1997 does not seem to be precise enough.On the one hand there is a threat of it being abused, on the other – there are difficulties when it comes to it being executed. Due to the medical advancement issues that were obvious twenty years ago need to be newly evaluated (e.g. the age of an infant capable of surviving outside the mother’s womb is gradually decreasing). It also seems that it is necessary to look upon terms such as abortion, termination, lethal defects, overzealous therapy, abandoning overzealous therapy, euthanasia (active, passive), euthanasia attitude, hospice care attitude, chronic condition, terminal phase, terminal state, palliative care.It becomes crucial especially now when Poland is faced with projects of opposing legal acts: those delegalizing abortion completely and those allowing for complete freedom of it. Therefore, a sound bioethical discussion is in order, such that will allow for the optimal standpoint. At the same time it would be beneficial to concentrate on thanalogy education because, as distant and unrealistic those ultimate matter may seem now, they concern every human being

Podżeganie i pomocnictwo jako typy zjawiskowe przestępstwa

The article is an attempt at a different look at aiding and abetting in criminal law. The provisions of the Penal Code of 1997 are analysed against the background of model solutions of criminal liability for aiding and abetting and the modern modifications of this crime. It deals with deviations from the theory of crime, the participation in criminal acts committed by others and criminal acts perpetrated by individuals acting independently. While analysing the current wording of the provisions governing criminal liability for aiding and abetting, the author proposes that they be classified as certain types of criminal acts. Further, proposing a different view on the construction of types of prohibited acts, he identifies provisions of the existing Penal Code that ought to be amended.Artykuł stanowi próbę odmiennego spojrzenia na konstrukcję podżegania i pomocnictwa. Autor analizuje przepisy k.k. z 1997 r. na tle modelowych rozwiązań odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępne współdziałanie i ich współczesnych modyfikacji. W publikacji przedstawiono odstępstwa od teorii postaci zjawiskowych przestępstwa, udziału w cudzym czynie i jednolitego sprawstwa. Analizując aktualne brzmienie przepisów regulujących odpowiedzialność karną za podżeganie i pomocnictwo, autor proponuje ich ujęcie jako typów zjawiskowych przestępstwa. Proponując odmienne spojrzenie na konstrukcję typ typów czynów zabronionych, przedstawia propozycję zmian w przepisach obowiązującego kodeksu karnego

Analysis of the Geometric Quality of the LPIS-based RapidEye level 3A

This report describes the geometric image quality of the LPIS-based RapidEye level 3A product in the context of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) Control with Remote Sensing (CwRS) Programme. This product is similar to the RE standard level 3A product, but the standard RapidEye planimetric auxiliary data is replaced with a set of ground control points derived from the LPIS vector data. Based on the current analysis there are two issues that most likely driving the differences in the geometric quality of the provided tiles: the heterogonous quality of the input height data and a low polynomial order for reprojection to the Gauss-Krueger. In order to comprehensively verify these hypotheses, the quality analysis must be repeated. Based on the limited RapidEye sample images, the accuracy of the LPIS-based RapidEye level 3A products is within the RE product specifications accuracy (1-D RMSE of 6.5m) provided the shift elimination based on the set of well-distributed ground control points.JRC.DG.G.3 - Monitoring agricultural resource

Kompsat-2: Initial findings of Geometric Image Quality Analysis

This report summarizes the initial evaluation of the geometric characteristics of the single sample the radiometrically corrected Kompsat-2 image acquired over the JRC Maussane Terrestrial Test Site. The objective of this study is threefold: (1) to evaluate the planimetric accuracy in a routine basis production of orthorectified Kompsat-2 imagery; (2) to determine the optimal number and spatial distribution of the GCPs (Ground Control Points) for the Kompsat-2 orthorectification process; (3) to check if the orthorectified imagery of the Kompsat-2 optical sensor fall within the required accuracy criteria for the CwRS 1:10.000 scale of absolute 1-D RMSE of < 2.5m. Based on the limited sample images, the Kompsat-2 orthoimage product accuracy meets the geometric specification of 2.5m (1D) RMSE corresponding to EU technical requirements on the condition of using at least 12 well-distributed ground control points for image correction and orthorectification.JRC.DG.G.3-Monitoring agricultural resource

The typology of natural ephemeral landscapes in the context of the preceding research

Autorzy podjęli problematykę krajobrazów efemerycznych pochodzenia naturalnego, które współtworzone są przez zjawiska przyrodnicze o dużej nieregularności i krótkotrwałości występowania. Celem opracowania było usystematyzowanie dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy w tym zakresie w oparciu o autorską typologię krajobrazów efemerycznych. z przeglądu literatury wynika, że stopień rozpoznania krajobrazów efemerycznych wciąż pozostaje niewystarczający. Skoncentrowanie badaczy na wybranych zjawiskach krótkotrwałych uniemożliwia kompleksowe spojrzenie na badany krajobraz. Tymczasem krajobrazy efemeryczne percypowane są całościowo i mogą stanowić ważną atrakcję turystyczną.Although the relations between landscape and certain human activities are well recognised in landscape ecology literature, main emphasis is put on stable landscape features. This article, by contrast, focuses on ephemeral landscapes which are defined as the ones consisted of phenomena and features of a changeable character (Brassley 1998). It can be assumed that the phenomena, even of same type, construct a different ephemeral landscape each time. However, despite their evanescence and irregular occurrence (Palang et al.2007), they still need to be investigated due to their significant role in perception of the whole landscape and its evaluation for different functions (Brassley 1998). The article also refers to substantial theoretical connotations of landscape ephemera and multi-sensory model of perception. The link can be easily recognised in tourism management because a complexity of several landscape ephemera’s features strongly influences visitor preferences of certain regions (Huang 2013). Due to stated selective and superficial recognition of the problem, authors’ main aim was to propose a novel typology of natural-caused landscape ephemera based on a detailed literature review. in the typology, the visually dominant genetic factor criterion was used. Therefore, there were distinguished landscape ephemera mainly connected with: (1) astronomical factors, (2) weather conditions, (3) endogenic, (4) geomorphologic, (5) hydrological processes, (6) biological and (7) joint ephemeral factors (tab. 1). The typology also reflects different economic and social roles of landscapes assigned to particular groups – e.g. astronomical phenomena, due to their relatively higher predictability, can constitute a core of specific tourist products, while endogenic ones are often perceived as a danger and disruption of a trip ( Yang et al. 2008). The authors confirmed considerable inequality in a recognition degree of landscape ephemera of different types. Symptomatically, there are only a few works which present an issue in a complex way. The stress is often put on the short-lasting phenomena itself while there are some durable processes (e.g. aeolian) which can also subconstruct certain landscape ephemera (e.g. ripplemarks). Undoubtedly, there are still many cognitive gaps connected with presented subject which are strongly needed to be filled because of its potential applied role. An influence of landscape ephemera on creating local identity and resident’s embeddedness is of an example