Preparation and testing of capillary packed column sephadex G-10

Sephadex je v biochemických experimentech hojně využívaným sorbentem k separacím molekul v širokém rozmezí molekulových hmotností. Využívá se také k purifikacím nebo odsolování izolovaných proteinů. Dosud byly chromatografické aplikace na tomto principu prováděny jen v kolonách velkých rozměrů, čemuž musela předcházet účinná izolace proteinů, aby bylo na kolonu naneseno dostatečné množství vzorku. Naplnění sephadexu do mikrokolony by snížilo potřebné množství vzorku a mohly by tak být dále zpracovávány obtížně izolovatelné proteiny, které se získávají v malém množství. V této bakalářské práci je s použitím suspenzního plnění mikrokolona opravdu naplněna. K vytvoření gelu jako takového je použito principu přípravy monolitických kolon, tedy naplnění a následné polymerizace, v našem případě hydratace a zgelovatěním.Sephadex is a common sorbent in biochemistry for separation of molecules of a wide range of molecular masses. Sephadex is also used for purification or desalination of isolated proteins. Up to now, the gel chromatography has been performed in wide separation columns. Therefore, the isolation techniques for proteins had to be very effective to isolate enough proteins as a sufficient amount of the sample. The preparation and application of a capillary separation column packed with sephadex could decrease the needed sample amount and enable work with hardly isolable proteins obtained only in small quantities. In this bachelor project, the capillary column was packed with sephadex using the slurry packing procedure. The principle of monolithic columns was used to create a gel in the column. The column was packed in organic solvent firs, and then hydrated when flushing with water to generate the gel.Department of Analytical ChemistryKatedra analytické chemieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Climate change and high exposure increased costs and disruption to lives and livelihoods from flooding associated with exceptionally heavy rainfall in Central Europe

The intensity and duration of the heavy rainfall put immense pressure on civil protection. Emergency management systems across Europe had been reinforced after severe flooding over the last decades and largely worked well: despite the higher intensity and larger scale, the number of fatalities is lower than in earlier floods with 24 estimated at the time of writing, compared to e.g. 232 in 2002 when flooding affected Germany, Austria, Czechia, Romania, Slovakia, and Hungary and at least 100 in 1997 when only Germany, Poland and Czechia were hit by floods. They are also much lower than in the Western European floods in 2021 when over 200 people lost their lives. ● The heavy rainfall was caused by a Vb depression, which forms when cold polar air flows from the north over the Alps, meeting very warm air in Southern Europe. Vb depressions are rare, but usually associated with heavy rain over Central Europe. Analysing analogous weather systems in the observed record suggests that there is no robust change in the number of analogous Vb depressions since the 1950s. ● The frequency is not the only characteristic of Vb depressions that could potentially change in a warming climate, other drivers of rainfall can change and affect likelihood and intensity of the overall rainfall analysed in the remainder of this study. In today’s climate, which is 1.3°C warmer than at the beginning of the industrial period, a rainfall event of this magnitude is a very rare event expected to occur about once every 100 to 300 years. As the event is by far the heaviest ever recorded, the exact return time is difficult to estimate based on only about 100 years of observed data. We use a 100 year return-time for the rest of analysis. ● To assess if human-induced climate change influenced the heavy rainfall, we first determine if there is a trend in the observations. When looking at the regional-scale described above, the gridded observational datasets show that heavy four-day rainfall events have become about twice as likely and 10% more intense since the pre-industrial era. The estimates become more uncertain when looking at more local scales and can be quite different, and are limited in places in some of the observed data. ● To quantify the role of human-induced climate change on this increase, we analyse climate models that are able to simulate heavy rainfall in the area and combine these with the observation-based assessment. All models show an increase in intensity and likelihood as well, as expected from physical processes in a warming climate. The combined change, attributable to human-induced climate change, is roughly a doubling in likelihood and a 7% increase in intensity. The models are however not explicitly modelling convection, and new convection-permitting studies have shown that increases in precipitation may have been underestimated in lower-resolution climate models. Similarly, the gridded observations do not include the heaviest rainfall. Therefore, these results are conservative. ● Under a future warming scenario where the global temperature is 2°C higher than pre-industrial levels, climate models predict even heavier 4-day rainfall events, with a further expected increase of about 5% in rainfall intensity and a further 50% increase in likelihood compared to present day. Again, these numbers are probably too low, due to the underestimation of very heavy rainfall in available climate models. ● The areas affected by the floods, notably in sprawling urban centres along major rivers, had been identified as highly vulnerable to flooding. These regions include Nysa and Wroclaw in Poland, Bratislava in Slovakia, the eastern regions of Galati and Vaslu in România, lower Austria and Vienna, as well as Ostrava, Opava, Krnov, Jeseník and Litovel in Czechia. Infrastructure and emergency management systems built after lessons learned from previous floods have been severely tested and in many cases overwhelmed by the sheer magnitude and scale of these floods, leading to damages that are estimated to several billion Euros. ● These floods were well-forecast and the death toll is considerably lower compared to the 1997 and 2002 floods, pointing to the effectiveness of investments made in forecasting, early warning systems, and forecast-based action including evacuations, flood defences and pre-emptive water reservoir releases. However, any loss of life underscores the need for further enhancements to account for climate change in enacting flood defences at scale, and improving risk communication and emergency response plans

Počasí v České republice =Weather in the Czech Republic

333

Rok 2008 v Česku - počasí a aktuální podnebí

1

Geological and deposit characteristic of Carboniferous coal-bearing sediments in the borehole profiles: Janina 93, 94, 95 (GZW)

W pracy tej zostaną ocenione warunki geologiczno-złożowe, jakie panują w części złoża Janina na podstawie trzech otworów wiertniczych – Janina-93 (J-93), Janina-94 (J-94) oraz Janina-95 (J-95), wykonanych przez Zakład Projektów i Dokumentacji Geologicznej w Katowicach. Obecnie złoże to eksploatowane jest przez KWK „Janina”, która należy do spółki TAURON.Ocena warunków geologicznych oraz górniczych jest niezwykle istotna, ponieważ ukazuje ilość pokładów węgla, a zwłaszcza pokładów węgla bilansowego, w profilu. Określona na podstawie kart otworów litologia (ZPiDG w Katowicach), otaczająca pokłady węgla, będzie miała decydujące znaczenie przy projektowaniu i prowadzeniu eksploatacji. Do sporządzenia niniejszej pracy posłużyły wspomniane wcześniej karty otworów, literatura, atlasy geologiczne, jak również informacje zawarte w Internecie.praca inżyniersk

Optimal controll of system of road juction verification

Import 17/12/2009Prezenční342 - Institut dopravyNeuveden

Průběh počasí v Česku v roce 2007

1

Preparation and testing of capillary packed column sephadex G-10

Sephadex is a common sorbent in biochemistry for separation of molecules of a wide range of molecular masses. Sephadex is also used for purification or desalination of isolated proteins. Up to now, the gel chromatography has been performed in wide separation columns. Therefore, the isolation techniques for proteins had to be very effective to isolate enough proteins as a sufficient amount of the sample. The preparation and application of a capillary separation column packed with sephadex could decrease the needed sample amount and enable work with hardly isolable proteins obtained only in small quantities. In this bachelor project, the capillary column was packed with sephadex using the slurry packing procedure. The principle of monolithic columns was used to create a gel in the column. The column was packed in organic solvent firs, and then hydrated when flushing with water to generate the gel

Rozmary počasí v Česku v průběhu roku 2009 =The ups and downs of the weathet in the Czech Republic in 2009

V článku je prezentován průběh počasí po jednotlivých měsících kalendářního roku, který se vyznačoval značnou variabilitou provázenou suchem, sněhovou kalamitou, bouřkami, vichřicemi, teplotními rekordy i povodněmi.The course of the weather in individual months of the calendar year is presented in the paper. The year 2009 was characterized by considerable variability accompanied by drought, heavy snowfall, storms, windstorms, temperature records or floods.1