Fixed point theorems for asymptotically contractive mappings

In this short paper, we prove fixed point theorems for nonexpansive mappings whose domains are unbounded subsets of Banach spaces. These theorems are generalizations of Penot's result in [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 131 (2003), 2371--2377].Comment: 7 page

Molecular-orbital representation of generic flat-band models

We develop a framework to describe a wide class of flat-band models, with and without a translational symmetry, by using "molecular orbitals" introduced in the prior work (HATSUGAI Y. and MARUYAMA I., \textit{EPL}, \textbf{95}, (2011) 20003). Using the molecular-orbital representation, we shed new light on the band-touching problem between flat and dispersive bands. We show that the band touching occurs as a result of collapse, or the linearly dependent nature, of molecular orbitals. Conversely, we can gap out the flat bands by modulating the molecular orbitals so that they do not collapse, which provides a simple prescription to construct models having a finite energy gap between flat bands and dispersive bands.Comment: 6pages, 3 figure

An easily verifiable proof of the Brouwer fixed point theorem

We give a remarkably elementary proof of the Brouwer fixed point theorem. The proof is verifiable for most of the mathematicians.Comment: 4 page

Polymer confinement in undulated membrane boxes and tubes

We consider quantum particle or Gaussian polymer confinement between two surfaces and in cylinders with sinusoidal undulations. In terms of the variational method, we show that the quantum mechanical wave equations have lower ground state energy in these geometries under long wavelength undulations, where bulges are formed and waves are localized in the bulges. It turns out correspondingly that Gaussian polymer chains in undulated boxes or tubes acquire higher entropy than in exactly flat or straight ones. These phenomena are explained by the uncertainty principle for quantum particles, and by a "polymer confinement rule" for Gaussian polymers. If membrane boxes or tubes are flexible, polymer-induced undulation instability is suggested. We find that the wavelength of undulations at the threshold of instability for a membrane box is almost twice the distance between two walls of the box. Surprisingly we find that the instability for tubes begins with a shorter wavelength compared to the "Rayleigh" area-minimizing instability.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

An example for a one-parameter nonexpansive semigroup

We give one example for a one-parameter nonexpansive semigroup.Comment: 9 page