Türkiye’de Eğitim Eşitsizliği: Gini İndeksine Göre Değerlendirme

This study aims to determine the relationship between educational inequality and the average year of schooling in Turkey. The data was the content of the 2000 General Census of Population: Social and Economic Characteristics of Population. To determine inequalities in education, average year of schooling of 25 year olds and above and the education Gini index were calculated. Average year of schooling in Turkey in allregions increased during the period of 1975–2000 while inequality in education decreased. A negative relationship was found between average year of schooling and educational Gini index.Apositive relationship was found between the rates of increase in average year of schooling and decrease in the education Gini index.Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de eğitim eşitsizliği ile ortalama öğrenim süresi arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Veriler Türkiye’de 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri kaynağından alınmıştır. Eğitim eşitsizliklerini belirlemek için 25 ve daha yukarı yaştaki nüfusun ortalama öğrenim süresi ve Eğitim Gini İndeksi hesaplanmıştır. Türkiye’de ve bütün bölgelerde 1975–2000 döneminde ortalama öğrenim süresi artmış, eğitim eşitsizliği ise azalmıştır. Ortalama öğrenim süreleri ile Eğitim Gini İndeksi arasında negatif bir ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ortalama öğrenim sürelerindeki artış ile Eğitim Gini İndeksi azalma oranları arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir

Removal of naproxen and diclofenac using magnetic nanoparticles/nanocomposites

Magnetic iron oxide and iron/copper nanoparticles were synthesized using Lathyrus brachypterus extract, and then magnetic Fe3O4–CS, Fe3O4–AT, Fe/Cu–CS and Fe/Cu–AT nanocomposite beads were synthesized using chitosan and alginate natural polymers. They were used for both adsorption and heterogeneous catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DCF) and NPX + DCF drugs which are important micro-organic pollutants, separately and together (NPX + DCF) from aqueous media. In adsorption studies, the drugs were adsorbed very quickly in the first minutes and then, desorbed in between 8 and 10 min. In competitive adsorption, the adsorbents showed selective properties for DCF and NPX. In CWPO technique, drug removal was achieved in 9 min with a conversion capacity of 92% for DCF with Fe/Cu–CS and 84% for NPX with Fe/Cu–AT optimum experimental conditions, such as pH 5, 30% of H2O2, 100 mg catalyst and 298 K. Based on reusability of the catalysts, it was seen that there was a slight decrease in the removal efficiencies in the third cycle and the stable and active structure of the catalyst was preserved to the desired extent. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction was in good agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V

Adsorption, oxidation, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of methyl orange by magnetic Fe3O4 NPs and their chitosan/alginate nanocomposites

Magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, iron oxide chitosan (Fe3O4-CS) and iron oxide alginate (Fe3O4-AT) nanocomposite beads were synthesised using green synthesis method. They were used as both adsorbents for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from the wastewater and heterogeneous catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of MO. While the dye removal was successfully performed with Fe(3)O(4)NPs, Fe3O4-CS and Fe3O4-AT in both adsorption studies and CWPO, the highest removal efficiency (99%) in the shortest time (8 min for adsorption, 20 min for CPWO) was obtained with Fe3O4-CS for MO removal. The adsorption experiments were performed with the batch techniques at different contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, amount of adsorbent and foreign ion effect parameters by Fe3O4-CS adsorbent. The equilibrium was quickly reached after 30 min at pH 3 and 298 K. Fitting equilibrium data to Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherms showed that Langmuir model was more suitable to describe MO adsorption with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 132 mg/g at 298 K. The Experimental data were analysed using intra particle diffusion, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and it was found that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order equation. Based on thermodynamic studies, adsorption process occurred as spontaneous and exothermic. The effects of the amount of catalyst, pH, temperature and H2O2 concentration were investigated to determine their catalytic activities for the decomposition of MO with CWPO technique. The reusability of Fe3O4-CS for both adsorption and CWPO techniques for MO removal was performed, and the adsorption and oxidation efficiency was found to be 97%. Moreover, the reaction kinetics was also investigated and the oxidation reaction was in good agreement with the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The activation energy (Ea) of the reaction was found to be 10.72 kJ/mol

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lathyrus brachypterus extract for efficient catalytic reduction of methylene blue, methyl orange, methyl red and investigation of a kinetic model

A facile, green, and an efficient method for the synthesis of AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) using Lathyrus brachypterus var. brachypterus extract is reported. AgNPs was characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, TEM and FTIR. The UV-Vis spectra of the AgNPs revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 452 nm. The synthesized AgNPs reacted as a heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of dyes (methylene blue, methyl red and methyl orange) both in unary and ternary mixture (TM) with and without NaBH4 (sodium borohydride). The kinetic parameter (k) for the degradation reactions and half-life (t(1/2)) of dyes has been calculated according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Green synthesized of AgNPs effectively degraded the dyes at approximately 4-6 min. In addition, oxidation studies of methyl orange with H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) have been also carried out and it has been reported that AgNPs can be reused as heterogeneous catalysts. The oxidation of MO was monitored with a UV-Vis spectrometer. AgNPs was separated using a filter paper after the oxidation of MO. The separated AgNPs were reused without important loss of its activity with a conversion efficiency of around 98%

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles From Codium Macroalgae for Wastewater Pollutants Removal By Adsorption

Algae have adsorption properties and reducing agents due to their rich content. In this study, palladium nanoparticles (Pd NP), platinum nanoparticles (Pt NP), and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NP) were prepared from Codium macroalgae using green synthesis. The structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was elucidated by X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and their use as nanoadsorbents for the removal of pollutants from aqueous media was investigated in detail. Naproxen (NPX), an anti-inflammatory drug, and the dyes methylene blue (MB) and cresol red (CR) were selected as pollutants for this study. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using both real wastewater obtained from the Organised Industrial Zone of Isparta Province and synthetic water samples prepared with tap water from Burdur Province and pure water. Under optimum adsorption conditions, Pd NP showed significant efficiency in the real wastewater sample, with an adsorption capacity of 37.19 and 50.03 mg g–1 for CR and NPX, respectively, within 150 min. In comparison, Pt NP showed an adsorption capacity of 40.01 mg g–1 for MB within the same timeframe. These findings indicate that while Pd NP showed the highest adsorption capacity for both CR and NPX, Pt NP showed the highest adsorption capacity for MB. The Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order equation were more suitable to describe the adsorption behavior of CR, MB, and NPX. In addition, studies on the desorption and reusability of the nanoadsorbents were carried out under the same optimum experimental conditions. © 2024 The Authors. Clean – Soil, Air, Water published by Wiley-VCH GmbH

İlköğretim Kurumu Öğrencilerinin “Sınıf Öğretmeni” Kavramına İlişkin Metaforik Algıları

Bu araştırmada ilkouml%253Bğretim ouml%253Bğrencilerinin quot%253Bsınıf ouml%253Bğretmeniquot%253B algılarının metaforlar aracılığıyla belirlemesi amaccedil%253Blanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırmanın fenomenoloji deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın ouml%253Brneklemini amaccedil%253Blı ouml%253Brnekleme yoluyla seccedil%253Bilen douml%253Brt ilkouml%253Bğretim okulunun 2., 5. ve 8. sınıfına devam eden toplam 234 ouml%253Bğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, ouml%253Bğrenciler iki ana kategoride toplam 70 adet geccedil%253Berli metafor uuml%253Bretmişlerdir. Metaforlar, ouml%253Bğrencilere yaklaşımları ve mesleki rollerine esas alınarak 2 kategoride toplanmıştır. Ouml%253Bğrencilere yaklaşımları bakımından%253B metaforlar, sevgi temelli ve yıkıcı zarar veren ouml%253Bğretmen olmak uuml%253Bzere iki kategoride incelenmiştir. Sevgi temelli ouml%253Bğretmen kategorisinde ouml%253Bğrencilere sevgi dolu yaklaşmaları ifade eden quot%253Bmelekquot%253B metaforu en fazla uuml%253Bretilendir. Mesleki rolleri bakımından ouml%253Bğretmen kategorisinde altı alt kategori oluşmuştur. Bu kategoride en ccedil%253Bok metafor, quot%253Bbilginin kaynağı%252Faktarıcısı ouml%253Bğretmenquot%253B alt kategorisinde toplanmış olup quot%253Bguuml%253Bneşquot%253B metaforu bu kategoride ccedil%253Bok uuml%253Bretilen metafor olmuştu

Adsorption mechanism of hexavalent chromium onto layered double hydroxides-based adsorbents: A systematic in-depth review

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. An attempt has been made in this review to provide some insights into the possible adsorption mechanisms of hexavalent chromium onto layered double hydroxides-based adsorbents by critically examining the past and present literature. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanomaterials are typical dual-electronic adsorbents because they exhibit positively charged external surfaces and abundant interlayer anions. A high positive zeta potential value indicates that LDH has a high affinity to Cr(VI) anions in solution through electrostatic attraction. The host interlayer anions (i.e., Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, and CO32−) provide a high anion exchange capacity (53–520 meq/100 g) which is expected to have an excellent exchangeable capacity to Cr(VI) oxyanions in water. Regarding the adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism, when Cr(VI) anions make contact with the electron-donor groups in the LDH, they are partly reduced to Cr(III) cations. The reduced Cr(III) cations are then adsorbed by LDH via numerous interactions, such as isomorphic substitution and complexation. Nonetheless, the adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism is greatly dependent on: (1) the nature of divalent and trivalent salts utilized in LDH preparation, and the types of interlayer anions (i.e., guest intercalated organic anions), and (3) the adsorption experiment conditions. The low Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of LDH (1.80–179 m2/g) suggests that pore filling played an insignificant role in Cr(VI) adsorption. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of LDH (Qomax) toward Cr(VI) was significantly affected by the natures of used inorganic salts and synthetic methods of LDH. The Qomax values range from 16.3 mg/g to 726 mg/g. Almost all adsorption processes of Cr(VI) by LDH-based adsorbent occur spontaneously (ΔG° 0) and increase the randomness (ΔS° >0) in the system. Thus, LDH has much potential as a promising material that can effectively remove anion pollutants, especially Cr(VI) anions in industrial wastewater

Küreselleşme ve Eğitim Eşitsizlikleri

Küreselleşmenin eşitsizlikleri azaltacağı ileri sürülmektedir. 1980-1998 verilerine göre gelişmiş ülkeler ile az gelişmiş ülkeler arasında okuma-yazma, okullaşma ve öğrenim süresi; orta ve az gelişmiş ülkelerde kadınların aleyhine olmak üzere okuma-yazma ve okullaşma oranlarında eşitsizlikler devam etmektedir.It is claimed that globalisation reduces inequality. According to 1980-1998 data inequality continuous in the rate of literacy, enrolment ratio and mean years of schooling between hig developed and low dwvoleped countries; in developing and low developed countries the inequality in the rate of litarecy and enrollment ratio is valide against women