Properties of polypyrrole polyvinilsulfate films for dual actuator sensing systems

One of the challenges of modern science is the development of actuators able to sense working conditions while actuation, mimicking the way in which biological organs work. Actuation of those organs includes nervous (electric) pulses dense reactive gels, chemical reactions exchange of ions and solvent. For that purpose, conducting polymers are being widely studied. In this work the properties of self-supported films of the polypyrrole:polyvinilsulfate (PPy/PVS) blend polymer were assessed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies show how during reduction / oxidation the polymer exchanges cations when immersed in a NaClO4 aqueous solution, revealing free positive charges in the electrolytic solution as the driving agents leading to the swelling/shrinking of the polymer. Eventually it is the phenomenon responsible of the actuation of the polymeric motors. Submitting the system to consecutive potential sweeps shows the reaction is really sensing the scan rate used in each cycle revealing that while actuating the system is actually sensing the electrochemical working conditions.The research was supported by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 641822

Dual sensing-actuation artificial muscle based on polypyrrole-carbon nanotube composite

Dual sensing artificial muscles based on conducting polymer are faradaic motors driven by electrochemical reactions, which announce the development of proprioceptive devices. The applicability of different composites has been investigated with the aim to improve the performance. Addition of carbon nanotubes may reduce irreversible reactions. We present the testing of a dual sensing artificial muscle based on a conducting polymer and carbon nanotubes composite. Large bending motions (up to 127 degrees) in aqueous solution and simultaneously sensing abilities of the operation conditions are recorded. The sensing and actuation equations are derived for incorporation into a control system.The research was supported by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 641822

Implicit Bias: from social structure to representational format

In this paper, I argue against the view that the representational structure of the implicit attitudes responsible for implicitly biased behaviour is propositional—as opposed to associationist. The proposal under criticism moves from the claim that implicit biased behaviour can occasionally be modulated by logical and evidential considerations to the view that the structure of the implicit attitudes responsible for such biased behaviour is propositional. I argue, in particular, against the truth of this conditional. Sensitivity to logical and evidential considerations, I contend, proves to be an inadequate criterion for establishing the true representational structure of implicit attitudes. Considerations of a different kind, which emphasize the challenges posed by the structural social injustice that implicit attitudes reflect, offer, I conclude, better support for deciding this issue in favour of an associationist view

Testing dark matter warmness and quantity via the reduced relativistic gas model

We use the framework of a recently proposed model of reduced relativistic gas (RRG) to obtain the bounds for $\Omega$'s of Dark Matter and Dark Energy (in the present case, a cosmological constant), taking into consideration an arbitrary warmness of Dark Matter. An equivalent equation of state has been used by Sakharov to predict the oscillations in the matter power spectrum. Two kind of tests are accounted for in what follows, namely the ones coming from the dynamics of the conformal factor of the homogeneous and isotropic metric and also the ones based on linear cosmic perturbations. The RRG model demonstrated its high effectiveness, permitting to explore a large volume in the space of mentioned parameters in a rather economic way. Taking together the results of such tests as Supernova type Ia (Union2 sample), $H(z)$, CMB ($R$ factor), BAO and LSS (2dfGRS data), we confirm that \LaCDM is the most favored model. At the same time, for the 2dfGRS data alone we found that an alternative model with a very small quantity of a Dark Matter is also viable. This output is potentially relevant in view of the fact that the LSS is the only test which can not be affected by the possible quantum contributions to the low-energy gravitational action.Comment: 16 pages accepted for publication in PR

Fitting cosmological data to the function q(z)q(z) from GR Theory: Modified Chaplygin Gas

In the Friedmann cosmology the deceleration of the expansion $q$ plays a fundamental role. We derive the deceleration as a function of redshift $q(z)$ in two scenarios: $\Lambda$CDM model and modified Chaplygin gas ($MCG$) model. The function for the $MCG$ model is then fitted to the cosmological data in order to obtain the cosmological parameters that minimize $\chi^2$. We use the Fisher matrix to construct the covariance matrix of our parameters and reconstruct the q(z) function. We use Supernovae Ia, WMAP5 and BAO measurements to obtain the observational constraints. We determined the present acceleration as $q_0=-0.60 \pm 0.12$ for the $MCG$ model using the Constitution dataset of SNeIa and BAO, and $q_0=-0.63 \pm 0.17$ for the Union dataset and BAO. The transition redshift from deceleration to acceleration was found to be around $0.6$ for both datasets. We have also determined the dark energy parameter for the $MCG$ model: $\Omega_{X0}=0.834 \pm 0.028$ for the Constitution dataset and $\Omega_{X0}=0.854 \pm 0.036$ using the Union dataset.Comment: 14 page

Interacting photon-baryon fluid, warm dark matter and the first acoustic peak

The Reduced Relativistic Gas (RRG) model was introduced by A. Sakharov in 1965 for deriving the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum. It was recently reinvented by some of us to achieve an interpolation between the radiation and dust epochs in the evolution of the Universe. This model circumvents the complicated structure of the Boltzmann-Einstein system of equations and admits a transparent description of warm-dark-matter effects. It is extended here to include, on a phenomenological basis, an out-of-equilibrium interaction between radiation and baryons which is supposed to account for relevant aspects of pre-recombination physics in a simplified manner. Furthermore, we use the tight-coupling approximation to explore the influence of both this interaction and of the RRG warmness parameter on the anisotropy spectrum of the CMB. The predictions of the model are very similar to those of the {\Lambda}CDM model if both the interaction and the dark-matter warmness parameters are of the order of $10^{-4}$ or smaller. As far as the warmness parameter is concerned, this is in good agreement with previous estimations on the basis of results from structure formation.Comment: 10 pages and 4 figure

The earliest sources on Martin Seidel: author of "Origo et fundamenta religionis christianae"

El tratado clandestino Origo et fundamenta religionis christianae ataca los fundamentos del cristianismo y propone una religión natural. Pese a que todas las copias manuscritas que lo conservan datan del siglo XVIII, se encuentran suficientes indicios que señalan al silesio Martin Seidel como su autor y documentan la existencia del texto a finales del siglo XVI o principios del XVII. Las primeras fuentes sobre Seidel lo vinculan con los antitrinitarios de Heidelberg (1570), los unitarios polacos (1580) y los “cripto-socinianos” de Altdorf (1610). En este artículo valoro dichas fuentes y corrijo a la luz de las mismas algunas afirmaciones de la crítica reciente sobre Seidel y su Origo.The clandestine manuscript "Origo et fundamenta religionis christianae" attacks the foundations of Christianity and proposes a natural religion. Although all preserved copies date back to the 18th century, there is enough evidence pointing at the authorship of Silesian Martin Seidel, and documenting the existence of the text in the late 16th or early 17th century. The earliest sources on Seidel associate him with the Heidelberg Anti-Trinitarians (1570), the Polish Unitarians (1580) and the Socinian community at Altdorf (1610). In this paper I examine these sources and correct in light of them some assertions made by recent scholarship on Seidel and his "Origo"

Los problemas del eclecticismo en teoría del significado : digresión sobre el programa antirealista de M. Dummett

Una de las mayores dificultades del paradigma explicativo que arranca del último Wittgenstein es la ausencia de una estructuración sistemática de sus principios. Cuando se trata de construir ese marco arquitectónico parece necesario acudir, sin embargo, a posiciones moleculares de origen claramente fregeano, El programa anti-realista del filósofo inglés M. Dummett constituye sin duda uno de los intentos más interesantes de conjugar estos dos tipos de ideas: si, por una parte, parece clara la influencia de Wittgenstein en los presupuestos básicos sobre los que Dummett construye las líneas que ha de seguir una teoría del significado, por otra, no parece estar dispuesto a admitir que tal explicación pueda agotarse completamente en una especificación de los diferentes usos lingüísticos, porque eso supondría acabar con la noción misma de un significado objetivo y, por tanto, nos llevaría a tener que admitir la imposibilidad de una teoría sistemática del funcionamiento del lenguaje. Los problemas que plantea su propuesta constituyen el objeto de discusión de este artículo.The lack of a systematic structuring of its principles is one of the greatest difficulties of the explanatory paradigm that stems from the late developments of Wittgenstein's thought. When we try to build that architectural frame, however, we need to have recourse to "molecular" positions which have an obvious fregean origin. The anti-realistic programme of the English philosopher M. Dummett is without any doubt one of the most interesting attempts of conciliating both types of ideas: Wittgenstein's influence on the basic assumptions on which Dummett builds the guidelines that a theory of meaning has to follow seems clear. But, at the same time, he does not seem to be willing accept that explanation can interpreted restrictively as a specification of the different linguistic "uses", as this would be equal to putting an end to the notion of an objective meaning and would lead us to admitting the impossibility of a systematic theory of language performance. The problems that arise form his proposal are the topic we discus in this paper

Andrología e inseminación artificial

Calificación de la aptitud reproductiva del toro 5; ii. Pubertad del macho bovino 7; iii. Organos reproductivos del toro 9; 3.1 Examen morfológico de los órganos genitales 10; 3.2 Perímetro escrotal 11; iv. Examen biológico del semen 13; v. Patologías testiculares hereditarias 16; vi. Patologías adquiridas de origen inflamatorio 18; vii. Degeneración testicular (basado en roberts) 20; viii. Patologías a nivel de epidídimo 24; ix. Patologías de glándulas vesiculares 28; x. Alteración de la próstata 30; xi. Patologías del prepucio 31; xii. Patologias penianas 32; xiii. Lugar de depósito del semen según especie 35; xiv. Comportamiento sexual del toro 39; xv. Patologías hereditarias 42; xvi. Formulación de un diagnóstico andrológico 46; xvii. Bases de la conservación de semen bovino 48; xviii. Inseminación artificial de la vaca con semen congelado bovino 53; xix. Comparación de la fertilidad de semen bovino con y sin adición de antibióticos 61; xx. Trastornos del ciclo y ovario en la vaca 64; xxi. Criterios genéticos para la selección de toros para lecheria 67; xxii. criterios genéticos para la selección de vacas y vaquillas de lechería 68; xxiii. Biotecnología en reproducción animal 69; xxiv. Manejo reproductivo del rebaño bovino con énfasis en brucelosis bovina 76; xxv. Calificación de la condición corporal en el ganado lechero 84; xxxvi. Análisis de un programa de salud reproductiva en la produccion de vacas lecheras en la provincial de llanquihue 85; conclusiones 88; Bibliografía 8