The Effect of Pyrethrum and Bacillus thuringiensis Biopesticides on Diprion pini L. and Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Larvae

The larvae of the common pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.) and the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) can cause epidemic, around the globe. Recently, an outbreak has been reported in young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in Artvin -Borcka, Turkey. In order to propose effective control measures, this study was conducted to estimate the effectiveness of two biopesticides against D. pini ile N. sertifer larvae. Different doses of Pyrethrum and Bacillus thuringiensis biopesticides (Spruzit (R) Neu from 150ml to 600ml/100 l, and DiPel (R) DF BT 100 to 500 g/100 l) were applied against the larvae of D. pini and N. sertifer their impact was monitored under laboratory conditions. The finding of the study revealed that the most effective dosages for larvae of D. pini was Dipel 300 g/100 l and Dipel 500 g/100 l of B. thuringiensis. The efficiency ratio of Pyrethrum doses ranged from 59.5%-78.5% for Spunizet Neu and 85.5%-95.5% for Dipel DF against D. pini larvae. It was observed that the dosage of both pesticides was directly propositional to the death in larvae. Intriguingly, Dipel at the dose rate of 500 g/100 l was the most effective applications for larvae of N. sertifer. While variable impacts were noticed against larvae, both biopesticides were effective against larvae of D. pini and N. sertifer. Taken together, finding of this study propose the use of Pyrethrum and Bacillus thuringiensis biopesticides to control common pine sawfly and the European pine sawfly in the event of an epidemics in Turkey

Eco-friendly control method against invasive pest box tree moth, (Cydalima perspectalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae))

Background: Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood) is a type of plant that has economic and cultural significance, danger of extinction due to various factors. Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an invasive species, has an important role as a boxwood pest. The inadequacy of the pheromone trap methods recommended to control the pest or the negative effects of chemical insecticides on the environment have led to seeking alternative approaches in this regard. In this study, it was conducted to determine whether entomopathogens can be applied in pest control, the insecticidal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (FDP-8), Bacillus cereus (FD-63), Brevibacillus brevis (FD-1) and Vibrio hollisae (FD-70) bacterial strains at the concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/ml and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae) (ET 10) fungal isolate at the concentrations of 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia/ml were tested under controlled conditions. Results: As compared the results of the bacterial strains and fungal tested, it was determined that the best results were obtained from in the fungal isolate at the concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. After 192 and 216 h. of observation, the 1 × 108 CFU/ml of bacterial strains: B. cereus FD-63, B. brevis FD-1 and V. hollisae FD-70; also, 1 × 108 conidia/ml concentration of ET 10 fungal isolate of B. bassiana control C. perspectalis caused mortality rate of 100% under laboratory conditions. Conclusion: Future studies of these microorganisms against this pest in the field, may be an important alternative method to control this pest

Prospects of entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi for biological control of ricania simulans (walker 1851) (hemiptera: ricaniidae)

Ricania simulans causes harm in almost all plants that grow along the Eastern Black Sea coast. The chemicals used to control this pest are prohibited in this region due to tea cultivation. For this reason, new strategies are needed to control this pest. With the awareness on the negative effects of the chemicals used in the control against pests and with the increasing awareness on environmental issues, alternative methods were sought in the past; and in this context, studies were conducted to find new methods in which fungi and bacteria were used in the biological control against pests. Totally 10 bacterial strains including 2 strains of Brevibacillus brevis (CP-1, FD-1), 1 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis (FDP-1), 2 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (FDP-8, FDP-42), 2 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstakii (FDP-41, BAB-410), 1 strain of Bacillus subtilis (EK-7), 1 strain of Pseudomonas chlororaphis (NEM-28) and 1 strain of Bacillus sphaericus GC sub-group D (FD-49) and additionally 1 Beauveria bassiana (ET 10) fungus isolate were examined for their insecticidal activities in this study. The studied bio agents were tested by spraying on R. simulans nymphs and adults. B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae, B. brevis and B. sphaericus GC subgroup D were the most effective on nymphs, whereas B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstakii, P. chlororaphi, and B. brevis were the most effective on adults. Under controlled conditions, mortality rate varied between 19.58%-42.08% in nymph applications, and between 6%-18% in adult applications

Modeling and analysis of a home care routing problem

This thesis proposes the Home Care Routing Problem with Time Windows (HCRPTW) which is an extension to the well-known Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW). Different than VRPTW, we solve the routing problem of the health care personnel of a Home Health Care (HHC) service provider when the patients require different types of services. In this problem, the patients may request different types of care which can be provided by two types of personnel: nurses and health care aides. Each patient must be visited exactly once even if her servicing requires both personnel and is associated with a strict time window during which the service must be provided. In order to solve this problem, we present the 0-1 mixed integer programming formulation of the problem. The problem can be modeled with three different objective functions which are to minimize the total distance travelled, to minimize the total number of personnel and to minimize the total number of vehicles. We randomly generate a set of instances based on Solomon’s benchmark problems for the VRPTW and solve them using IBM ILOG CPLEX. We also study Crew Constrained Home Care Routing Problem with Time Windows (CC-HCRPTW) which is another extension of HCRPTW where the number of each type of personnel is limited

Soft Covering Based Rough Sets and Their Application

Soft rough sets which are a hybrid model combining rough sets with soft sets are defined by using soft rough approximation operators. Soft rough sets can be seen as a generalized rough set model based on soft sets. The present paper aims to combine the covering soft set with rough set, which gives rise to the new kind of soft rough sets. Based on the covering soft sets, we establish soft covering approximation space and soft covering rough approximation operators and present their basic properties. We show that a new type of the soft covering upper approximation operator is smaller than soft upper approximation operator. Also we present an example in medicine which aims to find the patients with high prostate cancer risk. Our data are 78 patients from Selçuk University Meram Medicine Faculty

DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE STRUCTURE OF EGGS AND FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF AGAPANTHIA OSMANLIS REICHE & SULCY (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE): BASED ON SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Morphology of eggs and first instar larvae of Agapanthia osmanlis Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are described for the first time, with illustrations of the structural features obtained using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A. osmanlis feeds only on hosts in the Dipsacaceae family and collected on Cephalaria procera Fish & Lall. (Dipsacaceae) from Bayburt (Kop Mountain Pass, Turkey). The female lays single eggs inside the stalks of C. procera, where the larva feeds internally. The egg is cylindrical, white, dorsally wide, narrower toward the front and back, and rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. The egg is 3.10-3.80 (3.35) mm long and 0.45-0.85 (0.58) mm wide. Under the dissection microscope, the chorion appears to be smooth, but in scanning electron microscope (SEM) magnifications, the chorion is covered with chorionic spines except for the anterior micropylar region. Each egg possesses a knob-like micropylar process at one end. Newly emerged larvae of A. osmanlis are cylindrical, C-shaped after leaving their galleries, whitish-grey, and legless

A Two-Stage ORC Integration to an Existing Fluidized Bed Sewage Sludge Incineration Plant for Power Production in the Scope of Waste-to-Energy

This paper presents the design, evaluation, and optimization of an electricity generation system based on the two-stage organic Rankine cycle (TS-ORC), which utilizes the waste heat of an existing fluidized bed sewage sludge incineration (FBSSI) facility. The facility incinerates an average of 300 tons per day of sewage sludge with a dry matter content of 22%. After the drying process, the sewage sludge is burned in a fluidized bed combustor, and exhaust gas at a temperature of about 850-900 degrees C is released due to the combustion. The system provides the energy required to dry the sludge from this exhaust gas. In this study, a TS-ORC is designed to be coupled to the exhaust gas flowlines discharged to the atmosphere at two different points in the FBSSI plant. The exergy efficiency of the FBSSI facility is found to be 70.5%. Three different working fluids are selected to examine the variations of thermodynamic and thermoeconomic performance parameters of the designed TS-ORC system. The highest power generation in the TSORC system (183.40 kW) is achieved using R1234yf as working fluid. R1234yf is also the most expensive fluid for electricity generation among the other working fluids (10.57 $/h). The least electricity generation in the TS-ORC (142.70 kW) occurs at the thermoeconomically most affordable cost with R245fa (9.35$/h).Danida Fellowship Centre; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark [18-M06-AAU]The authors acknowledge the support of the HeatReFlex-Green and Flexible District Heating/Cooling project (www.heatreflex.et.aau.dk) funded by the Danida Fellowship Centre and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark to research in growth and transition countries under the grant no. 18-M06-AAU

Determining products for disabled individuals in tourism destinations

Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışmada, engellilerin turizme katılımında karşılaşabilecekleri olası zorlukları ortadan kaldıracak, engellilerin seyahat etmelerini kolaylaştıracak olan düzenlemelerin mevcut durumunu tespit etmek ve gerekenleri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Engelsiz turizmin gerçekleşebilmesi ve engellilerin turizme katılımını arttırmak amacıyla, turistik ürünlerin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir turistik ürün modeli önerisinde bulunmaya çalışılmıştır.Çalışmanın evrenini, Türkiye'de yerli ve yabancı ziyaretçilerin talep ettikleri ve kullandıkları tur güzergahlarındaki turistik destinasyonlar oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, İstanbul ve Pamukkale arasında yoğun kültür turu güzergahında ziyaretçi ağırlayan, Ege ve Marmara bölgesindeki turistik destinasyonlar oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, görüşme ve gözlem teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamına, 37 tane otel ve 24 tane çekim merkezi dahil edilmiştir.Çalışma bulgularına göre, engellilerin turizme katılımları sürecinde birçok kısıtlayıcı unsurla karşılaşabilecekleri görülmüştür. Engellilere yönelik düzenlemeler incelenerek, yapılması gerekenler üzerinde durulmuş ve engellilerin turizme katılımlarını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla, turistik destinasyonlarda engellilere yönelik sunulan hizmetlere ilişkin öneriler getirilmiştir. Çalışma bölgesinde bulunan otellerin, restoranların ve çekim merkezlerinin genelinde, en az bir kez daha önce engelli münferit ziyaretçiye hizmet sunulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yasal olarak da otellerin oda sayısının %1'i oranında engelli odasına sahip olması gerektiği için, çalışma kapsamındaki otellerin neredeyse tamamının en az bir tane engelli odasına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Yapılan çalışma bulgularına göre bazı yetersiz ve eksik düzenlemelere rağmen çalışma güzergahında, engelli münferit ziyaretçilere yönelik hizmet sunumu mümkündür. Çekim merkezlerine gerçekleştirilecek ziyaretler açısından, engelli bireylerin hareket kısıtlarıyla en az karşılaşacağı ve farklı engel gruplarına yönelik hizmetleri olan yer İzmir olarak belirlenmiştir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Turizm, Engellilik, Engelli Turizmi, Engellilere Yönelik Uygulamalar.The aim of this study is to determine the present regulations that disabled individuals may encounter during their journeys and to enable them to travel in better conditions by stating what is required to accomplish this purpose. A project of a model for touristic products in order to increase the number of disabled tourists and practise a non-disabled tourism has been suggested.The population of the study is based on the touristic destinations that domestic and foreign visitors demand, and the itineraries they make use of. The sample is formed by the destinations in the Aegean and the Marmara Regions that hosts visitors between itineraries in Istanbul and Pamukkale. The techniques of interviewing and observation have been utilized. In the study, 37 hotels and 24 tourist attractions have been included.According to the results of the study, it is observed that there are quite a few restricting factors that the disabled tourists may encounter. The regulations aimed at the disabled have been examined and some actions have been set to be taken. Some suggestions have been made in the services for the disabled in order to facilitate their participation into tourism. It has been revealed that one disabled tourist has been benefited at least once by the hotels, restaurants, and tourist attractions in the research area. Furthermore, within the law, hotels must have 1% in the number of their room capacity for the disabled tourists, thus the hotels in the research area have at least one room for disabled tourists.This study claims that in spite of the inadequate regulations, it is possible to provide services to disabled tourists in the research area. In terms of the touristic attractions, Izmir is determined as a location where disabled tourists are less likely to face difficulties while travelling, and it has different type of services for different disability groups.Key Words: Tourism, Disability, Disabled Tourism, Regulations Aimed at Disabled Individuals