Kaluza-Klein Theory without Extra Dimensions: Curved Clifford Space

A theory in which 16-dimensional curved Clifford space (C-space) provides a realization of Kaluza-Klein theory is investigated. No extra dimensions of spacetime are needed: "extra dimensions" are in C-space. It is shown that the covariant Dirac equation in C-space contains Yang-Mills fields of the U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3) group as parts of the generalized spin connection of the C-space.Comment: 15 pages; References added, typos correcte

Standard-model particles and interactions from field equations on spin 9+1 dimensional space

We consider a Dirac equation set on an extended spin space that contains fermion and boson solutions. At given dimension, it determines the scalar symmetries. The standard field equations can be equivalently written in terms of such degrees of freedom, and are similarly constrained. At 9+1 dimensions, the SU(3) X SU(2)_L X U(1) gauge groups emerge, as well as solution representations with quantum numbers of related gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, Higgs-like particles and others as lepto-quarks. Information on the coupling constants is also provided; e. g., for the hypercharge g'=(1/2) sqrt(3/5) ~ >.387, at tree level.Comment: 13 pages, Fig. 1(a)-(d

Spin Gauge Theory of Gravity in Clifford Space: A Realization of Kaluza-Klein Theory in 4-Dimensional Spacetime

A theory in which 4-dimensional spacetime is generalized to a larger space, namely a 16-dimensional Clifford space (C-space) is investigated. Curved Clifford space can provide a realization of Kaluza-Klein theory. A covariant Dirac equation in curved C-space is explored. The generalized Dirac field is assumed to be a polyvector-valued object (a Clifford number) which can be written as a superposition of four independent spinors, each spanning a different left ideal of Clifford algebra. The general transformations of a polyvector can act from the left and/or from the right, and form a large gauge group which may contain the group U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3) of the standard model. The generalized spin connection in C-space has the properties of Yang-Mills gauge fields. It contains the ordinary spin connection related to gravity (with torsion), and extra parts describing additional interactions, including those described by the antisymmetric Kalb-Ramond fields.Comment: 57 pages; References added, section 2 rewritten and expande

A geometric basis for the standard-model gauge group

A geometric approach to the standard model in terms of the Clifford algebra Cl_7 is advanced. A key feature of the model is its use of an algebraic spinor for one generation of leptons and quarks. Spinor transformations separate into left-sided ("exterior") and right-sided ("interior") types. By definition, Poincare transformations are exterior ones. We consider all rotations in the seven-dimensional space that (1) conserve the spacetime components of the particle and antiparticle currents and (2) do not couple the right-chiral neutrino. These rotations comprise additional exterior transformations that commute with the Poincare group and form the group SU(2)_L, interior ones that constitute SU(3)_C, and a unique group of coupled double-sided rotations with U(1)_Y symmetry. The spinor mediates a physical coupling of Poincare and isotopic symmetries within the restrictions of the Coleman--Mandula theorem. The four extra spacelike dimensions in the model form a basis for the Higgs isodoublet field, whose symmetry requires the chirality of SU(2). The charge assignments of both the fundamental fermions and the Higgs boson are produced exactly.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX requires iopart. Accepted for publication in J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 9 Mar 2001. Typos correcte

Beyond the Relativistic Point Particle: A Reciprocally Invariant System and its Generalisation

We investigate a reciprocally invariant system proposed by Low and Govaerts et al., whose action contains both the orthogonal and the symplectic forms and is invariant under global $O(2,4)\cap Sp(2,4)$ transformations. We find that the general solution to the classical equations of motion has no linear term in the evolution parameter, $\tau$, but only the oscillatory terms, and therefore cannot represent a particle propagating in spacetime. As a remedy, we consider a generalisation of the action by adopting a procedure similar to that of Bars et al., who introduced the concept of a $\tau$ derivative that is covariant under local Sp(2) transformations between the phase space variables $x^\mu(\tau)$ and $p^\mu (\tau)$. This system, in particular, is similar to a rigid particle whose action contains the extrinsic curvature of the world line, which turns out to be helical in spacetime. Another possible generalisation is the introduction of a symplectic potential proposed by Montesinos. We show how the latter approach is related to Kaluza-Klein theories and to the concept of Clifford space, a manifold whose tangent space at any point is Clifford algebra Cl(8), a promising framework for the unification of particles and forces.Comment: 15 pages; Revised version, accepted for publication in Physics Letters

Obtaining the Gauge Invariant Kinetic Term for a SU(n)U_U x SU(m)V_V Lagrangian

We propose a generalized way to formally obtain the gauge invariance of the kinetic part of a field Lagrangian over which a gauge transformation ruled by an $SU(n)_{U} \otimes SU(m)_{V}$ coupling symmetry is applied. As an illustrative example, we employ such a formal construction for reproducing the standard model Lagrangian. This generalized formulation is supposed to contribute for initiating the study of gauge transformation applied to generalized $SU(n)_{U} \otimes SU(m)_{V}$ symmetries as well as for complementing an introductory study of the standard model of elementary particles.Comment: 6 page

Association between anxiety status and hydration status in Spanish university students

Producción CientíficaAnxiety disorders are a very common psychiatric pathology among young university students, and the strategies for its mitigation are limited to the consumption of anxiolytic substances. Adequate hydration is essential for staying healthy, as water is the main component of the human body and of several physiological processes. A state of dehydration, in addition to a negative water balance, has serious consequences on health status. We aimed to determine the association between the degree of anxiety and the level of hydration in Spanish university students. A cross-sectional, observational research study with a sample of 65 female university students was conducted. Over 90% of the study population shows anxiety levels above the 95th percentile. The individuals with anxiety above the 95th percentile showed a negative water balance. The consumption of coffee and herbal teas shows correlations with state anxiety and trait anxiety