THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ACCORDING TO THE JUDICIAL PRACTICE OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Invalidi predstavljajo v Evropski uniji eno šestino prebivalstva. So največja manjšina na svetu, ki je upravičena do posebnega pravnega varstva. V letu 2006 je Sodišče EU prvič definiralo pojem »invalidnost«. Pred tem je obstajalo mnogo razlag tega pojma, ki pa so se bolj osredotočale na medicinski vidik pojmovanja invalidnosti kot na družbeni vidik. Sodišče EU je navedlo, da je iz zahteve po enotni uporabi prava EU in načela enotnosti ponudilo avtonomno razlago pojma. Diplomska naloga obravnava pravice invalidov, osredotočena je na primere iz sodne prakse Sodišča EU. V uvodu so razloženi osnovni pojmi za lažje razumevanje nadaljnjega obravnavanja problematike in osnovni pravni akti, sprejeti na mednarodni ravni in ravni Evropske unije.Persons with disabilities represent one sixth of the population in the European Union. They are the most numerous minority in the world that is entitled to special legal protection. In the year 2006 the Court of Justice of the European Union has finally set the guidelines and defined the term »disability«. Before that many explanations of the term existed yet they mostly focused on the medical point of view of defining this term instead of the social view. The Court of Justice of the European Union has started, that it has offered an autonomous definition of the term under the requirements of unified use of law. This diploma work is about the rights of persons with disabilities, it focuses mainly on the examples of jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The basic concepts are explained in the introduction for the easier understanding of the further treatment of the problematic based on the basic legal act which have been accepted on the international as well as the European Union scale

The effect of probiotics on the course of crohn´s disease

Crohnova bolezen je vnetna črevesna bolezen in se kaže kot kronično vnetje v različnih delih prebavil, pojavnost bolezni pa v zadnjih letih narašča. Potek bolezni je progresiven, ne samo s črevesnimi spremembami, temveč tudi z zunajčrevesnimi sistemskimi manifestacijami, ki resno vplivajo na kakovost življenja in prognozo bolnikov Dokončnega zdravila za Crohnovo bolezen še ni, vendar obstajajo načini za lajšanje simptomov. Probiotiki so definirani kot živi mikroorganizmi, ki pozitivno delujejo na zdravje gostitelja, kadar jih apliciramo v ustreznih okoliščinah. Imajo pomembno vlogo pri vzdrževanju imunološkega ravnovesja v prebavnem traktu z neposredno interakcijo z imunskimi celicami. Učinkovitost probiotika je lahko odvisna od vrste, odmerka in bolezni, trajanje terapije pa je odvisno od klinične indikacije. Nekatere raziskave so pokazale, da je dodajanje probiotikov po operaciji koristno pri bolnikih s Crohnovo boleznijo, četudi druge študije kažejo, da zdravljenje z več sevi probiotikov ni bistveno spremenilo vnetja črevesja. Probiotiki vplivajo na črevesno mikrobioto blagodejno, zmanjšujejo vnetje in da je njihovo delovanje sevno-specifično. Pa vendar njihovega vpliva na potek Crohnove bolezni ne moremo natančno opredeliti, zato je potrebno na to temo opraviti več raziskav.Crohn\u27s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that manifests as chronic inflammation in various parts of the digestive tract, with the incidence of the disease increasing in recent years. The progression of the disease is not only associated with intestinal changes but also with extraintestinal systemic manifestations, which seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis of patients. There is no definitive cure for Crohn\u27s disease yet, but there are ways to alleviate the symptoms. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that have a positive effect on the host\u27s health when applied under appropriate conditions. They play an important role in maintaining immunological balance in the digestive tract through direct interaction with immune cells. The effectiveness of probiotics may depend on the type, dose, and disease, and the duration of therapy depends on the clinical indication. Some studies have shown that adding probiotics after surgery is beneficial for patients with Crohn\u27s disease, although other studies suggest that treatment with multiple strains of probiotics did not significantly change intestinal inflammation. Probiotics have a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota, reducing inflammation, and their action is strain-specific. However, their impact on the course of Crohn\u27s disease cannot be precisely defined, so more research is needed on this topic

The role of social support in people, addicted to alcohol

Alkoholizem v Sloveniji predstavlja ključen javnozdravstveni problem, saj se po porabi alkohola in po posledicah škodljive rabe alkohola uvrščamo v sam vrh EU. Magistrsko delo tako teoretično kot empirično proučuje odnos med socialno oporo, depresivnostjo, osamljenostjo, samomorilno ideacijo in motivacijo za sprememb, pri osebah, odvisnih od alkohola, ki so v procesu zdravljenja. V študiji (N = 139) smo poleg demografskih vprašanj uporabili Večdimenzionalno lestvico zaznane socialne opore (MSPSS), De Jong Gierveld lestvico za emocionalno in socialno osamljenost, Lestvico depresivnosti (CES-D), Paykelovo lestvico samomorilnega vedenja (PSS) in Lestvico motivacije za spremembo (URICA). V prvem delu analiz smo preverili merske značilnosti Lestvice motivacije za spremembo (URICA), pri čemer smo potrdili ustrezno veljavnost in zanesljivost lestvice ter potrdili predvideno štiri-faktorsko strukturo. Nadalje so rezultati naših analiz pokazali, da socialna opora statistično pomembno negativno napoveduje depresivnost, osamljenost in samomorilno ideacijo, medtem ko med socialno oporo in motivacijo za spremembo nismo ugotovili linearnega odnosa. Izkazalo se je tudi, da socialna opora mediira odnos med osamljenostjo in depresivnostjo ter med depresivnostjo in samomorilno ideacijo. Izsledki naše študije nudijo dodatno razumevanje preučevanih konstruktov in dokazujejo pomembno vlogo socialne opore pri duševnem zdravju oseb, odvisnih od alkohola.Alcoholism is a key public health problem in Slovenia, which ranks among the top EU countries by alcohol consumption and consequences of harmful alcohol consumption. The thesis theoretically and empirically examines the relationship between social support, depression, loneliness, suicidal ideation and motivation to change in alcohol addicts in treatment. Beside demographic questions, the study (N = 139) applied the Multidimensional Scale Of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), De Jong Gierveld Scale for emotional and social loneliness, Depression Scale (CES-D), Paykel Suicidal Scale (PSS) and motivation to change scale (URICA). The first part of the analyses examines the measuring of the motivation to change scale (URICA), confirming its adequacy, reliability and the assumed four-factor structure. Further, our analyses revealed that social support statistically significantly negatively predicts depression, loneliness and suicidal ideation, while no linear relationship was found between social support and motivation to change. Social support was also found to mediate the relationship between loneliness and depression, and between depression and suicidal ideation. Our study findings provide further understanding of the examined constructs and demonstrate the importance of social support on mental health in persons addicted to alcohol

ROBOTIC VACUUM GRIPPER WITH LINEAR ACTUATOR AND MSP430

V diplomski nalogi je opisana izgradnja robotskega sesalnega prijemala. Prijemalo je pritrjeno na linearni DC pogon in predstavlja tretjo os na obstoječem paralelnem manipulatorju PARMAN. Vprijem objekta je neodvisen od njegove orientacije in omogoča enostavno manipulacijo. Motor linearnega pogona je krmiljen s pomočjo mikrokrmilnika MSP430. Krmilnik prav tako krmili vklop/izklop pnevmatskega ventila za sesanje, komunikacijo s paralelnim robotom ter meritev toka in hitrosti. Z meritvijo toka motorja spremljamo silo, s katero prijemalo naseda na objekt in ob želeni sili vklopimo sesanje. Za krmiljenje prijemala lahko uporabljamo PARMAN robotski krmilnik ali zgrajeno komandno ploščo.This thesis describes the construction of robotic vacuum gripper. Gripper is mounted on a linear DC drive and represents a third axis on the existing parallel manipulator PARMAN. Grab of the object is independent of its orientation and allows easy manipulation. Motor of linear actuator is controlled by a microcontroller MSP430. The microcontroller also controls the pneumatic valve for suction, communication with the parallel robot and measurements of current and velocity. By measuring the motor current we monitor force with which the gripper is seated to the object and activate suction at the desired force. Control of the gripper can be done by PARMAN robot controller or built control panel

Development of differential housing for formula student car

Predmet, ki ga želim raziskovati, je plod mojega udejstvovanja pri projektu Formula student. Sam sem razvijal pogonski sklop, in sicer ohišje diferenciala, ki je popolnoma prilagojeno potrebam dirkalnika. Ker so bile nekateri sestavni deli sponzorsko pridobljeni, kot so na primer lamele in stožčasti zobniki, je bilo potrebno izdelati ohišje diferenciala in poskrbeti za usklajeno delovanje med kupljenimi in izdelanimi deli sklopa.The subject which I want to research is a result of my involvement in the Formula Student project. I was developing a drivetrain, more specifically the differential housing, which is fully adapted to the needs of the car. Since some of the components are obtained through sponsorship, such as clutch plates and bevel gears, it was necessary to developed differential housing and ensure coordinated action between purchased and manufactured parts in assembly

Modernisaton of the EU General Data Protection Regulation

Varstvo osebnih podatkov je danes temeljna pravica, ki se je razvijala počasi, od neobstoječe pravice pa vse do pravice z izjemno širokom področjem uporabe. Zaradi tehnološkega napredka in razvoja novih storitev, trenutni predpisi o varstvu osebnih podatkov ne sledijo več temu napredku in s tem ne morejo nuditi zadovoljivih odgovorov na sodobne praktične dileme, posledično pa je s tem ogrožena tudi temeljna pravica do varstva osebnih podatkov vsakega posameznika, na katerega se osebni podatki nanašajo. Maja 2016 so bili v Uradnem listu Evropske unije objavljeni trije akti Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta, ki bodo v prihodnje določali status naših osebnih podatkov, pri čemer je potrebno izpostaviti Splošno uredbo o varstvu osebnih podatkov, katere namen je varstvo posameznikov in hkrati prost pretok podatkov znotraj EU. Nekatera področja bodo urejena bistveno drugače, kot so bila v dosedanji ureditvi, kar se bo zrcalilo predvsem v praksi - reforma prinaša t.i. pravico do pozabe, pravico do prenosljivosti, obveznost obveščanja o kršitvah in pravila glede obravnave kršitev, ki presegajo meje ene države članice, jasnejšo opredelitev posameznikovega soglasja k obdelavi osebnih podatkov, podrobneje so tudi opredeljene splošne obveznosti upravljavcev in obdelovalcev. Splošna uredba o varstvu osebnih podatkov predvideva tudi nadaljnjo širitev področja uporabe varstva podatkov EU v tretje države. V praksi bo zelo pomembno, kako bodo države članice pristopile k prenašanju novih določb v nacionalno zakonodajo ter katera področja obdelave osebnih podatkov bo posamezna članica še lahko uredila ločeno. Upamo lahko, da bo Slovenija še naprej ohranjala visoko raven varstva osebnih podatkov.Nowdays the protection of personal information is a fundamental right. It has developed slowly, from a non existant right to a right which can be used broadly. Because of the technological progress and the development of new services, the present regulation of protection of personal information can no longer follow this progress and can thus no longer offer a satisfactory answer to modern practical dilemmas. This means that people\u27s safety is in question when it comes to the protection of their personal information. In May 2016 the Official Journal of the European Union published three acts of the European parliament and Council, which will dictate the status of our personal information. Specifically, the General data protection regulation is meant to protect individuals as well as to ensure the free flow of information inside the EU. Only time will tell if it will be successful. Some areas will be regulated very differently than they have been till now, which will best be shown during practical use. The reform brings the so called right to be forgotten, right to data portability, the duty of informing on violations, as well as protocol during it which encompass more than just one EU Member StATE, a more clear consent when an individual\u27s personal information is being handled and finally, the general obligation of the controllers. The general regulation of personal information also foresees the expansion of this into third world countries. Practically, it will be very important how the Member States will implement the new regulation into their national legislation as well as which parts of it they will be able to handle on their own. We can only hope that Slovenia will continue to have a high level of protection when it comes to personal information and standards of privacy

Lad capacity of polymer gears with S-teeth flank shape

V tej doktorski disertaciji je predstavljena celovita eksperimentalna analiza odpovedi in akustičnega obnašanja S-polimernih zobnikov. Analizirani zobniki, izdelani iz dveh polimerov (POM in PA66), pogosto uporabljenih v proizvodnji zobnikov, so bili obdelani s standardiziranim rezalnim orodjem, nato pa preučeni in primerjani s standardiziranimi evolventnimi zobniki (E-zobniki) na namensko izdelani napravi za preskušanje zobnikov, ki omogoča stalno nastavljanje navora z uporabo pogonskega in zavornega asinhronskega elektromotorja. Eksperimentalno preskušanje je potekalo pod različnimi zunanjimi obremenitvami zobniškega para (navora) do končne okvare, ki se je pojavila v naslednjih treh različnih oblikah: zlom korena zoba, deformacija zoba ali taljenje zoba. Poleg tega so bile vključene osnovne karakteristike za ocenjevanje zajemanja hrupa med delovanjem, kar je še posebej pomembno, kadar se pričakuje zmanjšanje hrupa ob uporabi polimernih zobnikov. Izmerjeni signali so bili analizirani v časovnem in frekvenčnem prostoru, ravni akustične aktivnosti pa so bile medsebojno primerjane. Eksperimentalni rezultati so pokazali, da so ravni zvočnega tlaka zobnikov sorazmerne z velikostjo navora. Primerjava rezultatov je pokazala, da S-ozobje izkazuje boljšo nosilnost kot E-zobniki pri veliki obremenitvi in mehkejšem materialu zobnikov (POM), kjer lahko povišana temperatura znatno vpliva na taljenje zob zobnikov. Na področju ocenjevanja hrupa je analiza pokazala nekatere prednosti S- zobnikov v primerjavi z E- zobniki. V zvezi s tem je bilo ugotovljeno, da so S- zobniki primernejši za zmanjšanje hrupa zobniških pogonskih sistemov pri normalni obremenitvi in tipični pogonski hitrosti.A comprehensive experimental failure analysis and acoustic behaviour of S-polymer gears is presented in this doctorate thesis. The analysed gears, made of two frequently used polymers (POM and PA66) in gear manufacturing, were machined using the standardized cutting tool, and then investigated and compared to the standardized involute gears (E-gears) on a custom-made gear testing device, which allows a continuous torque setting by using a drive and braking asynchronous electric motors. The experimental testing has been done under different external loading of the gear pair (torque) until the occurrence of final failure, which has appeared in three different types: tooth root fracture, tooth deformation, or tooth melting. Additionally, basic evaluating characteristics were included to evaluate noise capture during operation, which is of particular significance when noise reduction is expected. The measured signals were analysed in time and frequency domains and the levels of acoustic activity were compared. The experimental results have shown that the sound pressure levels of both E- and S-polymer gears are proportional to the torque load. Result comparison has shown that S-gears demonstrate better load capacity than E-gears in the case of high loading and softer gear material (POM), where the increased temperature may have a significant impact upon melting of gear teeth. On noise evaluation front, the evaluation has shown some advantages of S-polymer gears if compared to E-polymer gears. In that respect, S-polymer gears were found more appropriate for noise reduction of gear drive systems in the case of normal loading and typical drive speed

Vpliv površinskih prevlek na poves vrha zoba polimernih zobnikov

When designing gear drives made of polymer, the tooth tip deflection is a crucial parameter in respect to the proper gear drive operation. Excessive tooth tip deflection can lead to serious disturbances of gear meshing and consequently to increased noise and wear of the teeth flanks. In such cases the tooth tip deflection can be reduced through the use of stiff surface coatings on the tooth flanks. In this paper the influence of different coating materials and thicknesses on the tooth tip deflection of polymer gears is analysed using comprehensive finite element computational analysis. The numerical results obtained are then used to define an approximate equation for the calculation of gear tooth tip deflection for the coating material used and the thickness of the surface coating layer. The results show that the tooth tip deflection decreases with large values of the coating material Young’s modulus and with the coating layer thickness.Pri konstruiranju zobniških dvojic s polimernimi zobniki je poves vrha zoba zobnika eden ključnih dejavnikov, ki vpliva na pravilno delovanje zobniške dvojice. Prevelik poves vrha zoba namreč vodi do resnih motenj pri ubiranju zobniške dvojice, kar povzroči večji hrup in tudi večjo obrabo zobnih bokov. V takšnih primerih lahko poves vrha zoba zobnika zmanjšamo z uporabo togih površinskih prevlek. V predloženem prispevku je predstavljena obsežna numerična analiza po metodi končnih elementov, ki zajema vpliv materiala trde prevleke in debeline prevleke na poves vrha zoba zobnika. Numerični rezultati so nato uporabljeni za določitev aproksimativne enačbe za izračun povesa vrha zoba zobnika v odvisnosti od izbranega materiala prevleke in njene debeline. Končni rezultati kažejo, da se poves vrha zoba zmanjšuje z večanjem modula elastičnosti prevleke in debeline utrjenega površinskega sloja zobnih bokov