44 research outputs found

    Epoxy-based fibre reinforced nanocomposites

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    The modification of epoxy resins with nanoparticles could endow the materials with some superior properties such as broadening of the glass transition temperatures, modest increases in the glassy modulus, low dielectric constant, and significant increases in key mechanical properties. In the last 15 years, some studies have shown the potential improvement in properties and performances of fibre reinforced polymer matrix materials in which nano and micro-scale particles were incorporated. From the existing literature, considerable effort has been given to the synthesis and processing of these unique polymers, but relatively little work has focused on the fibre reinforced epoxy composites. The purpose of this work, therefore, is to review the available literature in epoxy- fibre reinforced composites manufactured using carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibre and nanoclays for reinforcement

    Design - stress analysis and optimization of intramedullary leg lengthening nail shape memory alloys

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    The technique to increase the length of the long bones is the subject of research for the orthopedic surgeons for many years. The technique is used for the treatment of a limb shortening due to malformation or to a deficit for other reasons e.g. the fracture of a long bone after a car accident, osteomyelitis, or malignancy. The procedure to increase the length of a bone is difficult and may become quite hazardous for the soft tissues surrounding the area. The two parts of the bone are stabilized to eliminate the possibility of relative torsion and bending. Then they align axially with respect to each other and move with a constant rate of elongation of 1mm per day. The elongation is usually achieved by 4 steps of 0,25mm every 6 hours. The application of internal distraction osteogenesis using shape memory alloys has all the advantages of internal osteosynthesis. The only part of these mechanisms that is found externally is the activation mechanism that is connected by the necessary cables of activation with the interior of the bone where the internal distraction device is placed. The basic problem of all designs is the high constructional complexity of activation and control of shift of the two parts of the bone, something that makes this systems non user friendly and with continuous fractures and blockings of the elements of the mechanisms. In the present work, all the advantages of the mechanism of internal distraction osteogenesis are combined with the fundamental advantage; the simplicity of manufacture of the mechanism and the simplicity of operation via the restriction of the moving elements.Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή περιγράφει το σχεδιασμό και την ανάπτυξη ενός εκπτυσσόμενου Ενδομυελικού Ήλου Επιμήκυνσης των Μακρών Οστών των Κάτω Άκρων. Η επιμήκυνση των κάτω άκρων είναι μία χειρουργική διαδικασία βαθμιαίας επιμήκυνσης των μακρών οστών των κάτω άκρων και των μαλακών μορίων που τα περιβάλουν. Γενικά, η επιμήκυνση των κάτω άκρων στοχεύει στην εξίσωση των σκελών ή αύξηση του μήκους των οστών και στα δύο άκρα. Η τεχνική αύξησης του μήκους των οστών των κάτω άκρων επινοήθηκε από τις αρχές του περασμένου αιώνα [1] και έχει καταξιωθεί στη μοντέρνα χειρουργική από τις αρχές του 1960, λόγω της ενασχόλησης του G.A.Ilizarov. Ο επιστήμονας και χειρουργός G.A.Ilizarov αφιέρωσε όλη τη θεωρητική και πρακτική του έρευνα [2] στη βελτίωση της διαδικασίας επιμήκυνσης των οστών και την ανάπτυξη εξωτερικής συσκευής σταθεροποίησης που φέρει το όνομα του. Η μέθοδος αυτή καθώς και η συσκευή Ilizarov χρησιμοποιήθηκαν πάρα πολύ για να διορθώσουν τόσο βλάβες όσο και παραμορφώσεις των κάτω άκρων. Η ευελιξία αυτής της συσκευής την κάνει ένα εξαιρετικό εργαλείο το οποίο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τη διόρθωση διαφόρων βλαβών όπως π.χ. σταθεροποίηση συνθέτων καταγμάτων, στροφικές διορθώσεις, διορθώσεις οστών με διαφορές μήκους. Τόσο όμως η συσκευή του Ilizarov όσο και οι υπόλοιποι μονόπακτοι εξωτερικοί σταθεροποιητές που παρουσιάσθηκαν αργότερα παρουσιάζουν μειονεκτήματα [3] όπως είναι π.χ. οι σύνθετες χειρουργικές διαδικασίες, οι συνδέσεις και οι βελόνες που διαπερνούν το δέρμα και που οδηγούν σε μολύνσεις, η μειωμένη δυνατότητα φόρτισης και η ταλαιπωρία λόγω του μεγέθους του σταθεροποιητή ειδικά στις περιπτώσεις εκείνες που η ευελιξία του σταθεροποιητή δεν είναι απαραίτητη. Πολλοί ασθενείς που χρειάζονται μία διόρθωση του μήκους ενός άκρου χωρίς άλλες παραμορφώσεις θα μπορούσαν να βοηθηθούν και από μία συσκευή μικρότερης ευελιξίας χωρίς τα μειονεκτήματα των εξωτερικών μονόπακτων σταθεροποιητών. Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η μείωση των μειονεκτημάτων και των επιπλοκών που σχετίζονται με τους εξωτερικούς σταθεροποιητές με το σχεδιασμό ενός ολοκληρωμένου συστήματος το οποίο θα μπορεί να εμφυτευθεί ολοκληρωτικά στην ενδομυελική κοιλότητα του οστού, χωρίς την ανάγκη εμφύτευσης υποδερμικών εξαρτημάτων. […

    Review of Through-the-Thickness Reinforced z-Pinned Composites

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    This work reviews the effects of z-Pins used in composite laminates as through-the-thickness reinforcement to increase the composite’s properties in the out-of-plane direction. The paper presents the manufacture and microstructure of this reinforcement type while also incorporating the impact of z-Pins on the mechanical properties of the composite. Mechanical properties include tensile, compression, flexure properties in static, dynamic and fatigue loads. Additionally, mode I and mode II properties in both static and fatigue loading are presented, as well as hygrothermal, impact and compression after impact properties

    Review of Through-the-Thickness Reinforced z-Pinned Composites

    No full text
    This work reviews the effects of z-Pins used in composite laminates as through-the-thickness reinforcement to increase the composite’s properties in the out-of-plane direction. The paper presents the manufacture and microstructure of this reinforcement type while also incorporating the impact of z-Pins on the mechanical properties of the composite. Mechanical properties include tensile, compression, flexure properties in static, dynamic and fatigue loads. Additionally, mode I and mode II properties in both static and fatigue loading are presented, as well as hygrothermal, impact and compression after impact properties.</jats:p

    Aligned carbon nanotube webs embedded in a composite laminate: A route towards a highly tunable electro-thermal system

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    Highly aligned CNT webs, with an areal density of 0.019 g/m2, were produced by direct drawing of CNT ‘forests’ grown by chemical vapor deposition, to form a conductive heating element. These were subsequently inserted between pre-cured layers of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and the electrical and thermal conductivity of the combined system were assessed under different curing conditions. Control composites specimens, cured under high-pressure, demonstrated a higher fibre volume fraction, as well as higher electrical and thermal conductivities. With a single CNT 20-layer web interlayer added, the electrical conductivity increased by 25% when the CNT web alignment was perpendicular to that of the fibres, and by 15% when the CNT web alignment was parallel to the fibres. In addition, three types of CNT interlayer distribution were investigated. Through tailoring the pressure, carbon fibre layup and CNT interlayer, an efficient electro-thermal system was obtained which could be deployed as part of an ice-protection system on aircraft
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