Escenarios actuales del crimen organizado: factores contextuales y perspectivas teóricas

La grave crisis de inseguridad y derechos humanos del México contemporáneo exige a la academia un análisis profundo del fenómeno del crimen organizado, informado por experiencias internacionales y sensible a su naturaleza dual en tanto fenómeno con fuerte arraigo local que, simultáneamente, es indisociable de los flujos de la economía global. Sobre ese trasfondo, en marzo de 2023 se celebró en El Colegio de México el seminario “Diálogos desde las fronteras del crimen organizado. Crimen organizado, derechos y pobreza educativa”, con la colaboración de la Universidad de Milán, la Embajada de Italia en México, la Pontificia Academia Mariana Internacional, el Instituto Mexicano para la Justicia y el Museo Memoria y Tolerancia. En el seminario, académicos, analistas y funcionarios examinaron la penetración del crimen organizado en la vida política, social y económica de México y de otros países latinoamericanos, con especial atención a los paralelismos y aprendizajes que se desprenden de la experiencia italiana. En Italia, como hoy en México, la histórica imbricación del fenómeno criminal en las relaciones económicas y sociales ha confrontado al Estado, a las elites políticas y a la sociedad civil con la necesidad de poner en marcha procesos extraordinarios de memoria, verdad, impartición de justicia y reconstrucción institucional. Por la vigencia del tema tratado y la introducción de perspectivas analíticas útiles para estudiar la dinámica criminal y sus implicaciones, se reproducen, a continuación, tres ponencias presentadas en el seminario. En la primera, Nando dalla Chiesa, destacado sociólogo, intelectual, profesor de la Universidad de Milán y figura emblemática del movimiento contra la mafia italiana, presenta tres formas de aproximarse al estudio de la dinámica criminal a nivel internacional, incluyendo el proceso de multiplicación de organizaciones criminales a nivel global, la proliferación de ejércitos mercenarios y fuerzas paramilitares y la creciente interconexión entre el crimen y el terrorismo político. Dalla Chiesa agrega a ellas una reflexión sobre las dificultades al tratar de distinguir la actividad criminal del resto de la interacción económica y social. Fenómenos como el lavado de dinero vuelven cada vez más permeables las fronteras entre sociedad y crimen, economía formal e informal, empresarios y criminales, legalidad e ilegalidad. En la segunda ponencia, Annaclara De Tuglie reflexiona sobre los niveles de análisis en el estudio del crimen organizado, desde un enfoque “macro” que aborda los componentes geopolíticos y transnacionales del fenómeno (como la migración, los flujos de capital hacia paraísos fiscales, entre otros) hasta el nivel “micro”, que se concentra, en cambio, en las experiencias individuales y locales frente al crimen y las condiciones que facilitan su reproducción. Finalmente, aprovechando las herramientas analíticas discutidas en las otras ponencias, Thomas Aureliani ofrece un retrato del fenómeno de desaparición de personas en México, a partir de su propio trabajo de campo y de testimonios de familiares de víctimas de un delito que expresa, con toda crudeza, la crisis de estatalidad y derechos humanos que ensombrece al país

Organized crime in El Salvador: the evolution of gangs between territorial control and desapariciones

Il presente articolo esamina alcuni dei principali effetti dell’implementazione delle politiche anti-maras in El Salvador. In questo contesto, si evidenzieranno le complesse trasformazioni avvenute all’interno delle gang e, in particolare, dell’organizzazione criminale della Mara Salvatrucha: il consolidamento e l’espansione del controllo territoriale e la professionalizzazione nell’esercizio della violenza, con un focus sul fenomeno della desaparición, vera e propria emergenza umanitaria nazionale.This article examines some of the main effects of the implementation of anti-maras policies in El Salvador. In this context, it will highlight the complex transformations that have taken place within the gangs and, in particular, within the criminal organisation of the Mara Salvatrucha: the consolidation and expansion of territorial control and the professionalization of the exercise of violence, with a focus on the phenomenon of desaparición, a true national humanitarian emergency

La criminalità organizzata in El Salvador: l’evoluzione delle gang tra controllo territoriale e desapariciones

Il presente articolo esamina alcuni dei principali effetti dell’implementazione delle politiche anti-maras in El Salvador. In questo contesto, si evidenzieranno le complesse trasformazioni avvenute all’interno delle gang e, in particolare, dell’organizzazione criminale della Mara Salvatrucha: il consolidamento e l’espansione del controllo territoriale e la professionalizzazione nell’esercizio della violenza, con un focus sul fenomeno della desaparición, vera e propria emergenza umanitaria nazionale

An online cooperative control strategy for enhancing microgrid participation into electricity market

This paper develops a cooperative control methodology for the online energy management of grid-connected microgrids. The main aim of this methodology is to actively manage the active power outputs of all dispatchable energy sources available within the microgrid as well as the power exchanged with the utility grid so as to match the total load demand at the minimum operating cost. This implies to solve a constrained multi-objective dynamic optimization problem aimed at minimizing the total microgrid operating costs and ensuring the real-time balance within the microgrid in compliance with its technical-operational constraints. Lyapunov's theorem using sensitivity theory is adopted to solve this optimization. To test the performances of the proposed control methodology, several computer simulations corresponding to different operating scenarios have been conducted on the PrInCE Lab experimental microgrid built at the Polytechnic University of Bari

Ramp-rate control for power quality improvement of renewable grid-integrated microgrid with hybrid energy storage system

This paper demonstrates an enhancement of power quality for a photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the grid with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The proposed system utilizes a ramp-rate control (RRC) strategy to limit severe fluctuations in the PV power output. Battery storage is integrated to store surplus energy generated by the PV system and is used for continuous power application. A high-power density device, known as a supercapacitor (SC), is employed to mitigate transient fluctuations in the battery. The proposed system facilitates smooth PV power generation, stabilizes the DC bus voltage (VDC), and eliminates source current harmonics induced by non-linear loads. The Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) discussed in this paper serves two primary purposes. Firstly, it acts as a reactive power buffer, smoothing out fluctuations and reducing current harmonic distortions. Secondly, it enables active power injection into the grid, utilizing a specific renewable solar PV source. The efficiency of the modeled compensation system is demonstrated by the sinusoidal shape of the current and the compensation of reactive power (RPC). The targeted system showcases the effectiveness of the current setup by exhibiting low total harmonic distortion (THD). The multifunctional features of the proposed system were implemented using the MATLAB/Simulink software, and the results were validated using an OP5700 Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) test bench. This integration of distributed power generation capabilities not only enhances the overall power quality but also improves the efficient utilization of renewable energy resources (RESs)

An overview of grid-edge control with the digital transformation

Distribution networks are evolving to become more responsive with increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and digital transformation at the grid edges. This evolution imposes many challenges to the operation of the network, which then calls for new control and operation paradigms. Among others, a so-called grid-edge control is emerging to harmonise the coexistence of the grid control system and DER’s autonomous control. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the grid-edge control with various control architectures, layers, and strategies. The challenges and opportunities for such an approach at the grid edge with the integration of DERs and digital transformation are summarised. The potential solutions to support the network operation by using the inherent controllability of DER and the availability of the digital transformation at the grid edges are discussed

La riflessione giovanile di Günther Anders: le point de depart dell’uomo senza mondo

The paper examines the youthful reflection of Gunther Anders and the elaboration of his negative anthropology, centered on the concept of "man without world", starting from his cri- tique of Heideggerian phenomenology, considered by Anders obsolete compared to the modern reality of Techne, in the framework of a broader reflection with a social, political, and moral foundation. Questioning the anthropocentric privilege, the author elaborates a new and original vision of the nature of existence, of man's freedom and of the problem of "non-identification", reaching the identification of two possible figures: the historical man who stages a forced identification and the nihilist who does not conceal his estrangement from the world and becomes the embodiment of indeterminacy

Günther Anders e la sfida tecnocratica al Prometeo del XX secolo

The theoretical cornerstone around which Anders builds his philosophical thought is the re- lationship between man and the world around him. In contemporary society this relationship has taken on collective pathological traits due to the individual’s loss of control over the tech- nological devices he himself created. The theme of technocracy is linked to that of Prometheutic Shame man experiments when faced with the superiority of his own creations. The dangers of this are evident in the catastrophes which marked the 20th Century, in particular Auschwitz, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, symbols of the loss of responsibility and sensitivity of man, which have transformed technology into a totalitarian subject. Anders explores these episodes in depth, their main characters and consequences, concluding with the invocation of the need to live under the “principle of desperation”. This would be the only way to find the courage to be afraid, recover freedom and delay the Time of the End as much as possible to guarantee future generations the habitability of this world