A Comprehensive Review of Traditional Food Processing Methods and Their Effects on Food Security

Traditional food processing methods, which have been used for centuries across various cultures, play a crucial role in ensuring food security. These methods, including fermentation, drying, smoking, milling, and preservation, help extend the shelf life of food, improve its nutritional quality, and enhance food availability, especially in regions prone to seasonal fluctuations and food shortages. Traditional processing methods also contribute to the development of local economies by empowering small-scale farmers and processors. However, these techniques can have both positive and negative effects on food security, depending on their efficiency, scalability, and sustainability. This review explores a range of traditional food processing methods, analyzing their impact on food preservation, nutrient retention, and the socio-economic aspects of food security. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by integrating traditional food processing into modern food systems. Emphasis is placed on how these methods can complement contemporary technologies to build resilient food systems that address hunger, malnutrition, and poverty, particularly in rural and resource-poor settings

An investigation into the effect of MLSS on the effluent quality and sludge settleability in an aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (AASBR)

The aim of this study is to enhance the effluent quality and improve the sludge settleability by determining the effects of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) on the solid’s settling behaviour and the treatment efficiency in an aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (AASBR). The results obtained from this study revealed that raising the MLSS concentration from 2 to 3 g/l improved the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrate-nitrogen NO3-N removal efficiency, and led to an increase in the sludge volume index (SVI) value. Moreover, increasing the MLSS concentration from 3 to 4 g/l did not significantly affect the COD, NH3-N and NO3-N removal rates or the solid’s settling behaviour. However, increasing the MLSS concentration from 4 to 6 g/l significantly reduced the COD and nitrate removal efficiency and the sludge settling rate slowed down. The results proved that the optimal MLSS concentration for COD, NH3-N and NO3-N removal is between 3 and 4 g/l. In this range the removal rates for COD, NH3-N and NO3-N were 93%, 95% and 96% respectively, and the effluent quality was 35 mg/l, 0.43 mg/l and 0.75 mg/l for COD, NH3-N and NO3-N respectively. In addition, a good solid separation occurred during that range with SVI value of 81 ml/g; this finding was supported by a morphological study along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

On the application of the qualitative theory of differential equations to a problem of heat and mass transfer

The possibilities of applying the qualitative theory of differential equations to one problem of heat and mass transfer in multilayer planar semiconducting structures are studied. The consideration is carried out on the example of a mathematical model of a stationary process of diffusion of nonequilibrium minority  charge carriers generated by a wide excitation source. The use of a wide source of external influence makes it possible to reduce modeling problems to one-dimensional ones and describe these mathematical models by ordinary differential equations. These are the processes in various nanosystems exposed to wide beams of charged particles or electromagnetic radiation. The paper reviews the results of recent studies of such models. The main object of study was the questions of the correctness of the considered mathematical models, special attention is paid to the mathematical assessment of the influence of external factors on the state of the object under study. Previously, the methods of the qualitative theory of differential equations, in our case, the assessment of the influence of external influence on the distribution of nonequilibrium minority charge carriers as a result of their diffusion in a semiconductor, in combination with the consideration of the uniqueness of the solution of differential equations of heat and mass transfer and the correctness of the mathematical models used, were considered very rarely, and for wide electron beams, a quantitative analysis of such problems has not previously been carried out at all. In the present work, the main attention is paid to the influence of the right side of the differential equation, the excitation function of minority charge carriers, on the solution of the differential diffusion equation, which describes the distribution of nonequilibrium charge carriers that have diffused in each layer of such a structure. The uniqueness of the solution of the problem under consideration and the continuous dependence of the solution on the right side of the differential equation are proved. Estimates are obtained for the influence of external factors on the diffusion of generated carriers in each layer of a multilayer planar semiconductor structure

Aktif çamur yumaklaşmasında magnezyum iyonlarının etkisinin araştırılması

Activated sludge systems are the most widely used biological wastewater treatment processes all over the world. The main working principles of an activated sludge system are the oxidation of biologically degradable wastes by microorganisms and the subsequent separation of the newly formed biomass from the treated effluent. Separation by settling is the most troublesome stage of an activated sludge process. A decrease in the efficiency of the separation of microbial biomass from the treated effluent causes a decrease in the overall efficiency of the treatment plant. The efficiency of the separation process is related to the bioflocculation, which can be briefly defined as the aggregation of the bacteria into flocs through flocculation. Bioflocculation depends on the extracellular polymers (EPS) that are produced by microorganisms. The operating conditions of the activated sludge system is a key determinant of the synthesis of EPS and bioflocculation. The main objective of this study is to find out the effect of magnesium ions on the bioflocculation process under phosphorus deficient and sufficient conditions. In order to achieve this aim, the effects of magnesium ion in 4 different concentrations (0.9, 5, 10 and 20 meq/L) are investigated in semi continuous reactors. The reactors are operated at a mean cell residence time of 8 days and 20ð C temperature. When reactors are confirmed to be at steady state, several sets of analysis are conducted. In particular, the surface chemical parameters including EPS and its components, electrical charge, and hydrophobicity as well as physical properties such as settlability, filterability, viscosity, floc strength, and turbidity are examined. It has been understood that phosphorus deficiency causes severe filamentous bulking under magnesium rich conditions. Increasing the phosphorus concentration in the influent can cure thisM.S. - Master of Scienc

Phosphorus defficiency and sludge bulking

Separation by settling is one of the most troublesome stages of an activated sludge process. A decrease in the efficiency of separation of microbial biomass from the treated effluent causes a decrease in the overall efficiency of the treatment plant. One of the most common problems in activated sludge systems to negatively influence the settleability is sludge bulking which can be defined as non-settling situation of microbial mass. The main objective of this study is to find out the effect of phosphorus deficiency on bulking of activated sludge. In order to achieve this aim, the effects of a strictly phosphorus limited environment was investigated by running 6 semi-continuous activated sludge reactors. Since the specific aim of the study is to identify the effects of magnesium and calcium ions on sludge bulking in a phosphorus deficient medium, 3 different magnesium and calcium concentrations (5, 10, 20 meq l(-1)) were studied. Laboratory scale reactors were fed with synthetic wastewater and operated at a sludge age of 8 days. Results showed that, phosphorus deficiency caused sludge bulking. Sludge samples examined under microscope showed that the floc structures from reactors fed with different cations are significantly different. To identify the differences, a series of chemical analyses were conducted on the sludge samples. In addition to that, sludge volume index (SVI) values were monitored on a daily basis. Next, the concentration of phosphorus in the feed medium was increased in two separate steps and the possibility to cure the sludge bulking problem was investigated. It was found that bulking of activated sludges due to phosphorus deficiency could be cured by the addition of phosphorus. For phosphorus deficient bulking in relation to the cations present in the system some mechanisms are suggested

Çeşitli katyonların aktif çamur yumaklaşmasına ve çamurun kimyasal, yüzey kimyasal ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkilrinin incelenmesi

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.10.200