FSRQ/BL Lac dichotomy as the magnetized advective accretion process around black holes: a unified classification of blazars

The $Fermi$ blazar observations show a strong correlation between $\gamma$-ray luminosities and spectral indices. BL Lac objects are less luminous with harder spectra than flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). Interestingly FSRQs are evident to exhibit a Keplerian disc component along with a powerful jet. We compute the jet intrinsic luminosities by beaming corrections determined by different cooling mechanisms. Observed $\gamma$-ray luminosities and spectroscopic measurements of broad emission lines suggest a correlation of the accretion disc luminosity with jet intrinsic luminosity. Also, theoretical and observational inferences for these jetted sources indicate a signature of hot advective accretion flow and a dynamically dominant magnetic field at jet-footprint. Indeed it is difficult to imagine the powerful jet launching from a geometrically thin Keplerian disc. We propose a magnetized, advective disc-outflow symbiosis with explicit cooling to address a unified classification of blazars by controlling both the mass accretion rate and magnetic field strength. The large scale strong magnetic fields influence the accretion dynamics, remove angular momentum from the infalling matter, help in the formation of strong outflows/jets, and lead to synchrotron emissions simultaneously. We suggest that the BL Lacs are more optically thin and magnetically dominated than FSRQs at the jet-footprint to explain their intrinsic $\gamma$-ray luminosities.Comment: 8 pages including 4 figures; Accepted for publication in MNRA

Returns to education in India: Some recent evidence

This paper estimates returns to education in India using a nationally representative survey. We estimate the standard Mincerian wage equation separately for rural and urban sectors. To account for the possibility of sample selection bias, Heckman two-step procedure is used. The findings indicate that returns to education increase with the level of education and differ for rural and urban residents. Private rates of returns are higher for graduation level in both the sectors. In general, the disadvantaged social groups of the society tend to earn lower wages. We find family background is an important determinant affecting the earnings of individuals. Using quantile regression method, we show the effect of education is not the same across the wage distribution. Returns differ considerably within education groups across different points of the wage distribution. Returns to education are positive at all quantiles. The results show that the returns are lower at the bottom quantiles and are higher at the upper quantiles.Returns to Education; Wage Differential; Quantile Regression; India

Parametric and Semiparametric Estimation of the Adoption of Work Teams

This paper is concerned about the adoption of work teams and the factors that facilitate team adoption. It focuses on four factors - trade union, technological change, training of the workforce and shared mode of compensation. Both parametric and semiparametric estimation methods are used to estimate the association of these factors with team adoption. A nonparametric confidence band test is used to test the parametric specification of probit model. The test rejects the distributional assumption of the parametric probit model. The semiparametric estimates show that trade union density is not associated with team adoption while prodit sharing, new technology and training provisions for more employees facilitate the adoption of work teamsWork Teams; Probit; Confidence Band; Semiparametric