HVOF and laser cladded Fe-Cr-B coating in simulated biomass combustion: microstructure and fireside corrosion

Biomass is often considered as a low carbon alternative to fossil fuels in the power industry. However the heat exchangers in biomass plants can suffer from chloride based aggressive fireside corrosion. A commercially available amorphous Fe-Cr-B alloy was deposited onto a stainless steel substrate by HVOF thermal spray and laser cladding. The controlled environment corrosion tests were conducted in a HCl rich environment at 700°C for 250 h with and without KCl deposits. The samples were examined with XRD, SEM and EDX mapping to understand the corrosion mechanisms. In the absence of any deposits, the amorphous HVOF coating performed very well with a thin oxide growth whereas the crystalline laser cladding suffered from ~350 μm metal loss. The scales were composed of MnWO₄, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄ and Cr₂O₃. When a KCl deposit was present, the HVOF sprayed coating delaminated from the substrate and MnCl₂ was found in the scale

Steam Oxidation of Aluminide-Coated and Uncoated TP347HFG Stainless Steel under Atmospheric and Ultra-Supercritical Steam Conditions at 700 °C

The efficiency of ultra-supercritical (USC) steam power plants is limited by the materials properties, in particular, the steam oxidation resistance of the currently used steels at temperatures higher than 600 °C. Under these conditions, steam oxidation results in the development of thick oxide scales which spall and can accumulate in tube bends leading to blockage, overheating and premature creep rupture, as well as erosion of downstream components such as steam valves and turbine blades. Most published work related to oxidation testing is carried out at atmospheric pressure, with significantly less testing of austenitic steels in supercritical steam, and rarely including protective coatings. Indeed, the effect of high-pressure steam in the oxidation process is not quite understood at present. This paper covers a comparison of the behaviour of TP347HFG stainless steel at 700 °C under atmospheric pressure and 25 MPa, with and without slurry-applied diffusion aluminide coatings. The results show a very protective behaviour of the aluminide coatings, which develop a very thin Al-rich protective oxide, and no significant difference between the two environments. In contrast, the uncoated steel exhibited a different behaviour. Indeed, under atmospheric pressure after 3000 h, very thin scales, rich in Cr and not surpassing 5 to 10 µm in thickness, covered the samples along with some much thicker Fe-rich oxide nodules (up to 150 µm). However, under 25 MPa, a thick multilayer scale with a non-homogeneous thickness oscillating between 10 to 120 µm was present. A microstructural investigation was undertaken on the oxidised uncoated and coated substrates. The results suggest that pressure increases the oxidation rate of the chromia former steels but that the oxidation mechanism remains the same. A mechanism is proposed, including early detachment of the outer growing scales under supercritical pressure

日本列島の中期／後期旧石器時代移行期に関する再検討

　After the Fujimura’s Scandal, a plenty of Japanese Paleolithic researchers estimate to deny the presence of the Middle Paleolithic stage in the Japanese Archipelago.　They constrain the certain MP materials to the Musashino X Layer Stage, however, is that correct?　Takesa-Nakahara Site in the central Japan had excavated much deliberately after the Fujimura’s Scandal and that it belongs to the stage before the Upper Paleolithic is sure, based on the its assemblage made from middle and large flakes.　Although, as other site composing of same assemblage is nothing, these many researchers guess to be ranked it to the stage of Early UP.　However, since a new same assemblage discovered from the Shimohondani Site, locality of the water supply pond in the Hiroshima Prefecture in turn, it is high possibility that the single stage composed of these two sites presented in the transition from MP to UP

Asiakaskokemus ja puhelinneuvonnan laatu : Koskiklinikan puhelinneuvonnassa

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli arvioida ja kuvata Koskiklinikan ajanvarauksen henkilöstön tuottamaa asiakaskokemusta Koskiklinikan hallinnolta saatujen hyvän asiakaskokemuksen kriteerien avulla. Työelämäyhteytenä opinnäytetyössämme toimi Tampereella sijaitseva terveydenhuollon palveluyritys Koskiklinikka. Yritys toivoi saavansa tietoa ajanvarauksensa tuottamasta asiakaskokemuksesta sekä mahdollisista puhelinneuvonnan kehityskohteista. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tuottaa yritykselle lisää hyvän asiakaskokemuksen kriteereitä sekä kuvata puhelinneuvonnan tuottamaa asiakaskokemusta. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin laadullista menetelmää käyttäen. Aineisto opinnäytetyötä varten kerättiin mystery shopping – menetelmällä, jossa puhelinneuvontaan soitettiin haamupuheluita ja kysyttiin neuvoa tai varattiin aikaa. Kohdejoukkona olivat Koskiklinikan puhelinneuvonnan työntekijät. Kaksi tärkeintä opinnäytetyön käsitettä olivat asiakaskokemus ja puhelinneuvonnan laatu. Opinnäytetyössä asiakaskokemuksella tarkoitettiin puhelinneuvonnan muodostamaa asiakaskokemusta. Puhelinneuvonnan laatukriteerit pohjautuivat Koskilinikassa käytössä oleviin määritelmiin. Opinnäytetyön tulokset osoittivat, että kriteerit toteutuivat pääasiassa hyvin. Asiakas koki että hän sai ystävällistä palvelua ja että häntä ymmärrettiin. Puhelinneuvonnan henkilöstön koettiin toimivan näyttöön perustuvien käytäntöjen mukaisesti ja vastaavan asiakkaan kysymyksiin asiallisesti. Asiakas jäi kuitenkin toisinaan kaipaamaan tehokkaampaa palveluntarpeen arviointia. Koskiklinikan puhelinneuvonnan palvelun koettiin olevan vakuuttavaa ja asiantuntijoiden käyttämän kielen selkeää ja ymmärrettävää. Asiakkaat kokivat myös, että he saivat yhteyden asiakaspalveluun ripeästi ja palvelutapahtuma eteni tehokkaasti ja loogisesti. Asiakaskokemukseen vaikutti positiivisesti, neutraalisti tai negatiivisesti puhelinneuvonnan työntekijän käyttäytyminen, osaaminen, äänensävy- ja voimakkuus sekä puhelunkulkuun liittyvät muut ominaisuudet. Pääasiassa asiakkaalle jäi yleisvaikutelmaksi puheluista hyvä kokemus. Toivomme, että opinnäytetyön tutkimuksesta on hyötyä yleisesti hoitotyössä, sillä hoitotyö on suurelta osin asiakaspalvelua. Jatkotutkimusaiheeksi ehdotetaan suuremman Koskiklinikan puhelinneuvontaan soittavan asiakasjoukon haastattelemista, jotta saadaan laajempi näkemys Koskiklinikan puhelinneuvonnan tuottamasta asiakaskokemuksesta.The intention of this study was to assess and describe customer experiences on phone counselling of healthcare company Koskiklinikka. While assessing and describing, the purpose was to use the criteria of good customer experience that were given us by administration of Koskiklinikka. The company wished to get information about what kind of customer experience their phone counselling reflects on to customers and about their possible targets for development. The goal of the study was to provide Koskiklinikka with more criteria on good customer experience. Another goal was to describe customer experiences on phone counselling. The study had a qualitative approach. The data were collected by using mystery shopping method. In this method phone calls were made to phone counselling of Koskiklinikka. The employees in phone counselling were in role of the research subject. The results of this study show that the criteria of Koskiklinikka materialized relatively well. The customers felt that the service was friendly and that they were understood by the specialist in phone counselling. Specialists worked by using the evidence based practice and customers’ questions was answered. The language that the specialists used was clear and understandable. Connection to the phone counselling in Koskiklinikka was rapidly and the phone call was effective and logical. Our suggestion for further study to Koskilinikka is a more extensive survey on the experiences of customers contacting the phone counselling