Optogenetic Stimulation of the Central Amygdala Narrows and Intensifies Irrational Cocaine Pursuit

Honors (Bachelor's)NeuroscienceUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139599/1/cltwill.pd

Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies

Iatrogenic vascular air embolism is a relatively infrequent event but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These emboli can arise in many clinical settings such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and liver transplantation, but more recently, endoscopy, hemodialysis, thoracentesis, tissue biopsy, angiography, and central and peripheral venous access and removal have overtaken surgery and trauma as significant causes of vascular air embolism. The true incidence may be greater since many of these air emboli are asymptomatic and frequently go undiagnosed or unreported. Due to the rarity of vascular air embolism and because of the many manifestations, diagnoses can be difficult and require immediate therapeutic intervention. An iatrogenic air embolism can result in both venous and arterial emboli whose anatomic locations dictate the clinical course. Most clinically significant iatrogenic air emboli are caused by arterial obstruction of small vessels because the pulmonary gas exchange filters the more frequent, smaller volume bubbles that gain access to the venous circulation. However, there is a subset of patients with venous air emboli caused by larger volumes of air who present with more protean manifestations. There have been significant gains in the understanding of the interactions of fluid dynamics, hemostasis, and inflammation caused by air emboli due to in vitro and in vivo studies on flow dynamics of bubbles in small vessels. Intensive research regarding the thromboinflammatory changes at the level of the endothelium has been described recently. The obstruction of vessels by air emboli causes immediate pathoanatomic and immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium. In this review, we describe those immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium as well as evaluate traditional and novel forms of therapy for this rare and often unrecognized clinical condition

Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies

Iatrogenic vascular air embolism is a relatively infrequent event but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These emboli can arise in many clinical settings such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and liver transplantation, but more recently, endoscopy, hemodialysis, thoracentesis, tissue biopsy, angiography, and central and peripheral venous access and removal have overtaken surgery and trauma as significant causes of vascular air embolism. The true incidence may be greater since many of these air emboli are asymptomatic and frequently go undiagnosed or unreported. Due to the rarity of vascular air embolism and because of the many manifestations, diagnoses can be difficult and require immediate therapeutic intervention. An iatrogenic air embolism can result in both venous and arterial emboli whose anatomic locations dictate the clinical course. Most clinically significant iatrogenic air emboli are caused by arterial obstruction of small vessels because the pulmonary gas exchange filters the more frequent, smaller volume bubbles that gain access to the venous circulation. However, there is a subset of patients with venous air emboli caused by larger volumes of air who present with more protean manifestations. There have been significant gains in the understanding of the interactions of fluid dynamics, hemostasis, and inflammation caused by air emboli due to in vitro and in vivo studies on flow dynamics of bubbles in small vessels. Intensive research regarding the thromboinflammatory changes at the level of the endothelium has been described recently. The obstruction of vessels by air emboli causes immediate pathoanatomic and immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium. In this review, we describe those immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium as well as evaluate traditional and novel forms of therapy for this rare and often unrecognized clinical condition

Theoretical Pathways to Genetic Parenthood for Queer Couples with Same-Sex Gametes

Over 40 years ago, the world’s first “test-tube baby” was conceived, setting a biomedical precedent for the use of In Vitro fertilization (IVF) (Cookson, 2017). Since then, millions of people worldwide have successfully overcome infertility through IVF. While assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have continued to advance in both their complexity and scope of applicability, certain populations lack access to relevant reproductive technologies (Tam, 2021). Notably, ART research and technology has failed to adequately meet the reproductive needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, two-spirited, intersex, and asexual people (LGBTQ2SIA+). The failure of ARTs to meet the reproductive needs of queer peoples calls attention to the ways in which the reproductive experiences of LGBTQ2SIA+ people are informed by lived realities of race, gender, sexuality, and class, alongside a historical context of exclusion from biomedical research. It is imperative that scientific research work towards meeting the reproductive needs of LGBTQ2SIA+ people. This paper is an examination of both existing and future reproductive technologies applicable to queer couples with same-sex gametes. I begin with a broad overview of the biology of human reproduction, one that challenges dominant biomedical norms grounded in the male/female sex binary. Next, I provide an account of existing reproductive technologies applicable to queer couples with same-sex gametes (namely, intrauterine insemination and In Vitro insemination). I then outline contemporary research surrounding theoretical forms of assisted reproduction involving same-sex gametes, focusing on the potential production of artificial human gametes. I conclude with a brief discussion on the ethical implications of this research as it relates to reproductive justice for members of the queer community

Women's insecurity and exclusion in public spaces : a call to action and initial response

Sexual harassment in public spaces and women’s consequential fear, insecurity, and exclusion are critical and overlooked issues in contemporary urban design and planning. Urban migration, shifting gender roles, as well as failing infrastructure necessitate immediate intervention. If urban practitioners fail to validate and address the issue before (re)building takes place, they ensure gender inequality is (once again) built into the physical environment. My professional report serves as a call-to-action. In response, I propose a two-step approach for urban practitioners: (1) a set of preventative guidelines to be used in initial design and planning phases; as well as (2) a community engagement process that involves local women as key advisors and stakeholders. While expert concepts of urban security and crime prevention in public spaces fall short to explicitly address the issue and provide necessary guidance, Timothy Crowes’ work reveals an untapped resource: the women’s safety audit. Not only does the audit involve local women as a community engagement tool, but its frequent use in other countries around the world provides a reference for preliminary design and planning guidelines. I outline the audit’s history and use to-date; positive outcomes; challenges; and best practices. I also convert existing women’s safety audit results to a set of twenty-five design and planning guidelines. These preventative guidelines establish a baseline from which urban practitioners can educate and initiate conversation related to women’s insecurity in public spaces. It should be noted that both steps are essential to conclusively address the issue, and one should not supersede or replace the other. Urban practitioners should conduct or employ them simultaneously to compare and contrast relative results—i.e. a system of checks-and-balances. This continuously advances our understanding of the issue; enables women to build necessary skills, confidence, and autonomy; assigns hierarchy or priority based on local conditions; and ensures we do not inadvertently jeopardize women’s security by making false or incomplete assumptions. Finally, I conduct an in-depth case study of Republic Square in Austin, Texas to demonstrate an integration of the audit process and guidelines on the groundCommunity and Regional PlanningArchitectur

Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies

Iatrogenic vascular air embolism is a relatively infrequent event but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These emboli can arise in many clinical settings such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and liver transplantation, but more recently, endoscopy, hemodialysis, thoracentesis, tissue biopsy, angiography, and central and peripheral venous access and removal have overtaken surgery and trauma as significant causes of vascular air embolism. The true incidence may be greater since many of these air emboli are asymptomatic and frequently go undiagnosed or unreported. Due to the rarity of vascular air embolism and because of the many manifestations, diagnoses can be difficult and require immediate therapeutic intervention. An iatrogenic air embolism can result in both venous and arterial emboli whose anatomic locations dictate the clinical course. Most clinically significant iatrogenic air emboli are caused by arterial obstruction of small vessels because the pulmonary gas exchange filters the more frequent, smaller volume bubbles that gain access to the venous circulation. However, there is a subset of patients with venous air emboli caused by larger volumes of air who present with more protean manifestations. There have been significant gains in the understanding of the interactions of fluid dynamics, hemostasis, and inflammation caused by air emboli due to in vitro and in vivo studies on flow dynamics of bubbles in small vessels. Intensive research regarding the thromboinflammatory changes at the level of the endothelium has been described recently. The obstruction of vessels by air emboli causes immediate pathoanatomic and immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium. In this review, we describe those immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium as well as evaluate traditional and novel forms of therapy for this rare and often unrecognized clinical condition

Corrigendum: Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1230049.]