EAST: Energy Efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose Energy-efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission (EAST) in WSNs. EAST is IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliant. In this approach, open-loop is used for temperature-aware link quality estimation and compensation. Whereas, closed-loop feedback helps to divide network into three logical regions to minimize overhead of control packets on basis of Threshold transmitter power loss (RSSIloss) for each region and current number of neighbor nodes that help to adapt transmit power according to link quality changes due to temperature variation. Simulation results show that propose scheme; EAST effectively adapts transmission power to changing link quality with less control packets overhead and energy consumption compared to classical approach with single region in which maximum transmitter power assigned to compensate temperature variation

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FIVE LOQUAT GENOTYPES AT TRET, MURREE, PAKISTAN

Abstract Five loquat genotypes were studied at Horticultural Research Sub-station Tret, Murree, Pakistan. Randomized Complete block Design was used and data was analysed statistically. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes in terms of fruit length, fruit width, width length index, fruit weight, flesh seed ratio, number of fruits / bunch, days from full bloom to maturity, number of seeds / fruit, individual seed weight and seed content / fruit. Tret4 was observed to be the best genotype having largest fruit (38.77g), highest flesh seed ratio (2.80) and yield / plant (54.93 kg). Tret5 remained at bottom with reference to flesh seed ratio of 2.11 and 33.71 kg yield / plant

Green nanotechnology for plant bacterial diseases management in cereal crops: a review on metal-based nanoparticles

Cereals are an important source of nutrients for animals. Several diseases cause severe yield loss in cereal crops. Bacterial diseases result in varying yield losses across cereals: Wheat (5-40%), maize (15-98.9%), rice (20-70%), pearl millet (3-35%), and oats (15-49%). Diseases may be bacterial diseases, fungal or viral. Bacterial diseases are traditionally treated by pesticides. Chemically synthesized pesticides are toxic and hazardous to the environment. Nanotechnology is emerging and novel field for agriculture, especially in plant pathology as a strong antimicrobial agent. Nanoparticles have been synthesized in various ways i.e., biological, physical, and chemical methods. Chemical and physical methods of nanoparticles are costly and toxic to the environment. The biological method for the synthesis of nanoparticles is eco-friendly and economical. Microorganisms or plant extracts are used for metal nanoparticle synthesis. The application of nanoparticles in agriculture has a wide scope and it can bring nano-revolution. This review summarizes the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles and their role in bacterial disease management of cereals

Manufacturing and Supply Chain Flexibility: Building an Integrative Conceptual Model Through Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to establish the current themes on the topic of manufacturing and supply chain flexibility (MSCF), assess their level of maturity in relation to each other, identify the emerging ones and reflect on how they can inform each other, and second, to develop a conceptual model of MSCF that links different themes connect and highlight future research opportunities. The study builds on a sample of 222 articles published from 1996 to 2018 in international, peer-reviewed journals. The analysis of the sample involves two complementary approaches: the co-word technique to identify the thematic clusters as well as their relative standing and a critical reflection on the papers to explain the intellectual content of these thematic clusters. The results of the co-word analysis show that MSCF is a dynamic topic with a rich and complex structure that comprises five thematic clusters. The value chain, capability and volatility clusters showed research topics that were taking a central role in the discussion on MSCF but were not mature yet. The SC purchasing practices and SC planning clusters involved work that was more focused and could be considered more mature. These clusters were then integrated in a framework that built on the competence–capability perspective and identified the major structural and infrastructural elements of MSCF as well as its antecedents and consequences. This paper proposes an integrative framework helping managers keep track the various decisions they need to make to increase flexibility from the viewpoint of the entire value chain

Systems Engineering in the B&U: Research into what lessons can be learned from the Systems Engineering method in the GWW-sector

Civil Engineering and GeosciencesStructural EngineeringConstruction Management and Engineerin

Adaptive Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are widely used for applications such as modern health-care systems, where wireless sensors (nodes) monitor the parameter(s) of interest. Nodes are provided with limited battery power and battery power is dependent on radio activity. MAC protocols play a key role in controlling the radio activity. Therefore, we present Adaptive Medium Access Control (A-MAC) protocol for WBANs supported by linear programming models for the minimization of energy consumption and maximization of dataflow. Our proposed protocol is adaptive in terms of guard band assignment technique and sleep/wakeup mechanism. We focus on specific application to monitor human body with the help of nodes which continuously scan body for updated information. If the current value is within normal range, nodes do not try to access channel. However, if the current value rises or falls beyond the permissible range, nodes switch on their transceiver to access channel. Moreover, A-MAC uses TDMA approach to access channel and well-defined synchronization scheme to avoid collisions. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide estimation of delay spread. Simulation results justify that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and throughput as compared to the counterpart protocols

Modeling Routing Overhead of Reactive Protocols at Link Layer and Network Layer in Wireless Multihop Networks

To keep information recent between two nodes, two types of link sensing feed-back mechanisms are used: link layer (LL) and network layer (NL). In this paper, we model and evaluate these link sensing mechanisms in three widely used reactive routing protocols: ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO). Total cost paid by a routing protocol is the sum of cost paid in the form of energy consumed (in terms of packet reception/transmission) and time spent (in terms of processing route information). Routing operations are divided into two phases: route discovery (RD) and route maintenance (RM). These protocols majorly focus on broadcast cost optimization performed by expanding ring search (ERS) algorithm to control blind flooding. Hence, our model relates link sensing mechanisms in RD and RM for the selected routing protocols to compute consumed energy and processing time. The proposed framework is evaluated via NS-2, where the selected protocols are tested with different nodes' mobilities and densities.</jats:p

Adaptive Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are widely used for applications such as modern health-care systems, where wireless sensors (nodes) monitor the parameter(s) of interest. Nodes are provided with limited battery power and battery power is dependent on radio activity. MAC protocols play a key role in controlling the radio activity. Therefore, we present Adaptive Medium Access Control (A-MAC) protocol for WBANs supported by linear programming models for the minimization of energy consumption and maximization of dataflow. Our proposed protocol is adaptive in terms of guard band assignment technique and sleep/wakeup mechanism. We focus on specific application to monitor human body with the help of nodes which continuously scan body for updated information. If the current value is within normal range, nodes do not try to access channel. However, if the current value rises or falls beyond the permissible range, nodes switch on their transceiver to access channel. Moreover, A-MAC uses TDMA approach to access channel and well-defined synchronization scheme to avoid collisions. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide estimation of delay spread. Simulation results justify that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and throughput as compared to the counterpart protocols

RE-ATTEMPT: A New Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one