UNCTAD V and the prospects for the 1980s

Since the establishment of UNCTAD in 1964 as a permanent organisation for the promotion of the developing countries' trade and development interests, the substantive issues and problems have remained more or less the same. Dr. Ezenwe analyses the reasons why a yawning gap exists between expectations and results and suggests a change of strategy for UNCTAD V

AN INVESTIGATION OF ALBANIAN ORPHANS’ ACCOMMODATION AND EDUCATION ISSUES FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Among the most vulnerable groups in Albania, orphans are the ones who have been encountering a lot of problems due to the neglect of the government on providing the support they need. This work focuses on the Albanian orphans’ accommodation and education issues while at and after leaving the residential care. There will be an elaboration of two articles (27 and 28) from the convention of the children’s rights, which address their rights on such issues. After a detailed analysis of the situation further recommendations will be suggested based on the national law and the Convention on the Rights of the Child

The african debt crisis and the challenge of development

Africa's total debt outstanding, which doubled during the 1980s, represents a serious threat to the continent's prospects of economic recovery and long-term development. Professor Ezenwe examines the situation in detail and proposes policy action towards a solution

ANALISIS EFISIENSI ALOKATIF FAKTOR-FAKTOR PRODUKSI USAHATANI PADI DI KECAMATAN PARON KABUPATEN NGAWI

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) menganalisis pengaruh faktor-faktor produksi luas lahan, benih, pupuk, pestisida dan tenaga kerja yang berpengaruh pada usahatani padi di Kecamatan Paron, Kabupaten Ngawi, (2) menganalisis efisiensi alokatif penggunaan faktor produksi yang berpengaruh terhadap produksi padi di Kecamatan Paron, Kabupaten Ngawi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel 96 petani yang tersebar di Desa Semen dan Desa Tempuran. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada masa tanam antara Maret dan Juni 2012. Koefisien determinasi R² sebesar 0,983, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa variasi variabel luas lahan, benih, pupuk, pestisida dan tenaga kerja mampu menjelaskan sebesar 98,3% terhadap variasi variabel produksi padi. Sedangkan sisanya 1,7% dijelaskan oleh variasi variabel lain diluar model penelitian ini. Hasil analisis penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) luas lahan berpengaruh positip terhadap produksi padi sehingga perlu adanya penambahan luas lahan pada setiap petani. (2) Benih berpengaruh positip terhadap produksi padi sehingga perlu adanya penambahan benih pada setiap petani. (3) Pupuk berpengaruh positip terhadap produksi padi sehingga perlu adanya penambahan pupuk pada setiap petani. (4) Pestisida berpengaruh positip terhadap produksi padi sehingga perlu adanya penambahan pestisida pada setiap petani. (5) Tenaga kerja berpengaruh positip terhadap produksi padi sehingga perlu adanya penambahan tenaga kerja pada setiap petani. (6) Hasil analisis efisiensi alokatif penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi usahatani padi menunjukkan alokasi dengan hasil lebih dari 1, sehingga belum efisien secara alokatif. Agar penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi padi tersebut efisien, maka perlu dilakukan penambahan alokasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa faktor produksi luas lahan, benih, pupuk, pestisida dan tenaga kerja berpengaruh positip terhadap produksi padi. Tetapi penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi tersebut belum efisien secara alokatif. Oleh karena itu pemerintah diharapkan peranannya dalam bimbingan penyuluhan kepada petani, sehingga penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi padi oleh petani di Kecamatan Paron efisien secara alokatif. Kata kunci: efisiensi, usahatani padi, fungsi produks

Reducing the incidence of by-catch through fishing gear modification

There have been considerable efforts in recent time to modify fishing gears and practices to target particular sizes and species of fish (fin and shell) and other marine organisms more efficiently. These efforts are coming on the heels of the negative- impact they tend to have on the population of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. By-catch consideration and gear modification play an important role in the regulation of several consideration and gear modification play an important role in regulation of several major fisheries now by catch reduction devices and other innovative gear modification are continuously being proposed and tested to mitigate against these problems among which are the turtle excluder device (TEDS) in the shrimp trawls to reduce mortality of endangered sea turtle, sorting grids and scaring device in long fisheries. Recommendation are made on effective monitoring of fishing gear to ensure that devices aimed at reducing by-catch are included and fishermen use only the appropriate gears to limit by-catch and discards

Influence of indices of reproduction on condition factor and some morphometric features of Tilapia guineensis

The influence of indices of reproduction (Gonadosomatic index-GSI-and Hepatosomatic index -HSI-) on condition factor and morphometric features of Tilapia guineensis were examined using 160 fish comprising 70 females and 90 males. Total length, standard length and body depth were measured to the nearest 1cm, while each fish was weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. The gonads and liver were removed and weighed separatdy to the nearest 0.00lg. Gonadosomatic index, Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were calculated. Correlation analysis between the reproductive indices and the external features of the fish were carried out. Results revealed positive correlation between gonadosomatic index and body depth and between GSI and standard length in both sexes, indicating the dependence of gonadal development on body depth and standard length in both sexes. However, the relationship between the reproductive indices and total length was significant only in the female. The relationship between HSI and Standard length was also significant in female (P<0.01, r = 0.707) and male (P<0.05, r = -0.216), but in positive and negative direction-respectively. The correlation between the reproductive indices and condition factor were not significant in both sexes. The correlation of GSI and HSI in male (r = 0.062) was not significant, while the positive correlation of GSI and HSI in female (r= 0.300) was significant (P<0.05). It was therefore concluded that body depth and standard length could be important factors in determining spawning success in both sexes, while total length may be an additional tool in determining spawning success only in female T. guineensis

Reducing by-catch through fishing gear modification

There have been considerable efforts in recent years to modify fishing gears and practices to target particular sizes and species of fish (fin and shell) and other marine organisms more efficiently. By catch consideration and gear modification play an important role in regulation of several major fisheries and new by-catch reduction devices and other innovative gear modification are continuously being proposed and tested to mitigate against these problems, among which are the turtle excluder device (T.E.DS) in the shrimp trawls to reduce mortality of endangered sea turtle; sorting grids and scaring device in long line fisheries. This paper assesses the incidence of by catch in fisheries, provides a review of successful developments and application of selective fishing techniques that have been used to achieve by-catch reduction. Recommendations were also made on effective monitoring of fishing gears to ensure that devices aimed at reducing by-catch are included and fishermen use only the appropriate gears to limit by-catch and discards