The Effectiveness of Contract Farming for Raising Income of Smallholder Farmers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: a Systematic Review

Contract farming is used by an increasing number of firms as a preferred modality to source products from smallholder farmers in low and middle-income countries. Quality requirements of consumers, economies of scale in production or land ownership rights are common incentives for firms to offer contractual arrangements to farmers. Prices and access to key technology, key inputs or support services are the main incentives for farmers to enter into these contracts. There is great heterogeneity in contract farming, with differences in contracts, farmers, products, buyers, and institutional environments. The last decade shows a rapid increase in studies that use quasi-experimental research designs to assess the effects of specific empirical instances of contract farming on smallholders. The objective of this systematic review was to distill generalised inferences from this rapidly growing body of evidence. The review synthesised the studies in order to answer two questions: 1: What is known about the effect size of contract farming on income and food security of smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries? 2: Under which enabling or limiting conditions are contract farming arrangements effective for improving income and food security of smallholders

Homenagem à Prof. Doutora Isabel de Magalhães Collaço

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Principios Unidroit : sobre los contratos comerciales internacionales 2016

Cuando se aprobaron las ediciones anteriores de los Principios UNIDROIT sobre los Contratos Comerciales Internacionales, el Consejo de Dirección destacó la necesidad de que el Secretariado hiciera el seguimiento del uso de los Principios en la práctica, consultando con la comunidad internacional de empresarios y juristas si existían nuevos temas que debían ser tomados en consideración para ser incorporados en futuras ediciones. Conforme a esta directriz, y luego de haber adoptado las Cláusulas Modelo para el uso de los Principios UNIDROIT sobre los Contratos Comerciales Internacionales en el 2013, el Secretariado señaló al Consejo de Dirección el tema de los contratos de larga duración y la posibilidad de trabajar en el futuro en esta materia dentro de los Principios.When approving previous editions of the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, the Governing Board stressed the need for the Secretariat to monitor the use of the Principles in practice, consulting with the international business and legal community on whether there were new issues that should be taken into consideration for incorporation in future editions. In accordance with this guidance, and following the adoption of the Model Clauses for the use of the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts in 2013, the Secretariat brought to the attention of the Governing Board the issue of long-term contracts and the possibility of working on this matter in the Principles in the future

Unidroit principles on digital assets and private law

Introducing a new instrument is always a reason for celebration. After years − for years it takes − of sowing, the time to harvest the crop arrives and, with it, the actual realisation of our mandate. A new instrument marks the successful ending of a process where considerable effort and resources have been spent. Few projects have required as much effort − and used as many resources − as the Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law. A new topic covering a new reality which moves at a speed which is difficult to make compatible with the usual timing of transnational law, and which is fundamentally at odds with the carefully pondered, slow motion of Government interaction as well as with the complex debates involving experts with a global membership, each potentially with a diverse vision of reality. In addition to the speed at which the conception and use of digital assets may potentially mutate, the unpredictable evolution of technology presented another layer of complexity.La introducción de un nuevo instrumento es siempre motivo de celebración. Tras años de siembra (porque se necesitan años) llega el momento de recoger la cosecha y, con ella, la realización efectiva de nuestro mandato. Un nuevo instrumento marca el final exitoso de un proceso en el que se han invertido considerables esfuerzos y recursos. Pocos proyectos han requerido tanto esfuerzo (y han utilizado tantos recursos) como los Principios sobre Activos Digitales y Derecho Privado. Un nuevo tema que abarca una nueva realidad que avanza a una velocidad que es difícil de hacer compatible con los tiempos habituales del derecho transnacional y que está fundamentalmente en desacuerdo con la interacción gubernamental, cuidadosamente meditada y a cámara lenta, así como con los complejos debates en los que participan expertos de una membresía global, cada uno potencialmente con una visión diversa de la realidad. Además de la velocidad a la que potencialmente puede mutar la concepción y el uso de los activos digitales, la evolución impredecible de la tecnología presentó otra capa de complejidad

Homenagem à Prof. Doutora Isabel de Magalhães Collaço

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