An integrated method to calculate an automobile's emissions throughout its life cycle

[EN] Although studies can be found in the literature that present emissions inventories associated with different types of automobiles, distinct technologies or various stages of their life cycles, they do not enable us to compare the environmental impact of the complete life cycle of two vehicles. This is because there is no valid emissions inventory for all types of automobiles that covers all the life cycle stages (the cradle to grave approach). This paper proposes a method to estimate the principal types of emissions throughout a vehicle's life cycle based on primary data (weight, year of manufacture, engine technology, fuel type used, etc.). The proposed method requires neither sophisticated life cycle assessment software nor knowledge of specific information on individual vehicles. The proposal has been validated by analyzing three different gasoline and diesel-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles and by considering a life span of 100,000 km.The translation of this work has been funded by the Language Center of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia as a part of the Mobility and Academic Internationalization of VLC - CAMPUS (International Campus of Excellence Program), of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports.Viñoles Cebolla, R.; Bastante-Ceca, MJ.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2015). An integrated method to calculate an automobile's emissions throughout its life cycle. Energy. 83:125-136. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.006S1251368

Validating Respondents in Online Access Panels

Shopping behavior. Online data protection. Topics: possession of wifi, laptop, portable MP-3 player, tablet / e-reader, DVR / PVR, smartphone, video game system, portable games console, HDTV and hybrid car; concern about privacy; personal shopping behavior and attitude towards online data protection: importance of the purchase of American products, looking around before buying, spontaneous buyer, buying on credit instead of waiting, price is more important than brand names versus brand names more important than price, caution when passing personal data on the Internet, convenient online -purchases; attitude towards the environment: no concern about environmental concerns, willingness to a lower standard of living for energy saving reasons, concern about global warming; usage of Internet and social networks per week; reading a Sunday newspaper; possession of a valid passport of the United States; property ownership; own bank account; smoker; number of actively used personal e-mail accounts; number of credit cards; home ownership in the last three years; handedness (dominant hand or use of both hands); brand name and purchase of mouthwash (e.g., Biotene, Listerine). Demography: age (categorized, year of birth); education; employment status; willingness to pass e-mail address; sex; marital status; children in the household; ethnicity; income. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; date of the interview; interview time; interview length; last answered question; user login; state; disclosure of e-mail address and residential address; data source (online panel or uSamp); interviewer ID.Einkaufsverhalten. Online-Datenschutz. Themen: Besitz von Wifi, Laptop, tragbarem MP-3 Player, Tablet/E-Reader, DVR/PVR, Smartphone, Videospiel-System, tragbare Spielekonsolen, HDTV und Hybrid-Auto; Besorgnis hinsichtlich der eigenen Privatsphäre; persönliches Einkaufsverhalten und Einstellung zum Online-Datenschutz: Wichtigkeit des Einkaufs amerikanischer Produkte, Umschauen vor einem Kauf, Spontankäufer, Kauf auf Kredit statt Warten, Preis ist wichtiger als Markennamen versus Markennamen wichtiger als Preis, Vorsicht bei der Weitergabe persönlicher Daten im Internet, bequeme Online-Einkäufe; Einstellung zur Umwelt: keine Besorgnis über Umweltbelange, Bereitschaft zu einem niedrigeren Lebensstandard aus Energiespargründen, Besorgnis über globale Erwärmung; Nutzungsintensität von Internet und sozialen Netzwerken pro Woche; Lesen der Sonntagszeitung; Besitz eines gültigen Passes der Vereinigten Staaten; Wohneigentum; eigenes Bankkonto; Raucherstatus; Anzahl aktiv genutzter persönlicher E-Mail-Konten; Anzahl Kreditkarten; Hausbesitz in den letzten drei Jahren; Händigkeit (dominante Hand oder Nutzung beider Hände); Markenbekanntheit und Kauf ausgewählter Mundwässer (z.B. Biotene, Listerine). Demographie: Alter (kategorisiert, Geburtsjahr); Bildung; Beschäftigungsstatus; Bereitschaft zur Weitergabe der E-Mail-Adresse; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinder im Haushalt; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Einkommen. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Interviewdatum; Interviewzeit; Interviewlänge; letzte beantwortete Frage; Nutzer-Login; Bundesstaat; Weitergabe von E-Mailadresse und Wohnadresse; Datenquelle (Online-Panel oder uSamp); Interviewer-ID; Bundesstaat

Vehicle lightweighting energy use impacts in U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet

In this article, we estimate the potential energy benefits of lightweighting the light-duty vehicle fleet from both vehicle manufacturing and use perspectives using plausible lightweight vehicle designs involving several alternative lightweight materials, low- and high-end estimates of vehicle manufacturing energy, conventional and alternative powertrains, and two different market penetration scenarios for alternative powertrain light-duty vehicles at the fleet level. Cumulative life cycle energy savings (through 2050) across the nine material scenarios based on the conventional powertrain in the U.S. vehicle fleet range from - 29 to 94 billion GJ, with the greatest savings achieved by multi-material vehicles that select different lightweight materials to meet specific design purposes. Lightweighting alternative-powertrain vehicles could produce significant energy savings in the U.S. vehicle fleet, although their improved powertrain efficiencies lessen the energy savings opportunities for lightweighting. A maximum level of cumulative energy savings of lightweighting the U.S. light-duty vehicle through 2050 is estimated to be 66.1billion GJ under the conventional-vehicle dominated business-as-usual penetration scenario. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p