Cedaw and the Human Rights of Women: an Overview

Women are often not provided equal opportunities in various fields such as education, employment and health. The rising social inequalities directly affect the economy and the political participation of women. This article provides an insight to the various Human Rights treaties, with an overview of the core provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Women and the progress they have made over the last few decades is discussed in detail, along with the steps taken by the United Nations to promote the development of women

Isolated unilateral palatal palsy secondary to COVID-19 infection in a child

Background: Unilateral acquired isolated palatal paralysis is a very rare entity seen in children. It usually occurs due to isolated involvement of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. The definite etiopathogenesis is still unclear, but postinfectious immune-associated cranial mono-neuropathy is frequently postulated as plausible cause. We report an Indian girl who presented with isolated right palatal palsy following a coronavirus disease 2019infection. To the best of our knowledge, this has never been described in the literature before. Clinical Description: A 7.5-year-old girl child presented with nasal twang of voice and nasal regurgitation of liquids mainly from the right side of her mouth for 7 days. There was no evidence of any other neurological or systemic involvement. There was no history suggestive of any of the common causes usually attributed to palataopharyngeal palsy. Examination revealed right palatal palsy with deviation of the uvula to the left confirming lower motor neuron weakness of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. Management: Routine investigations excluding usual etiological causes were normal. The severe acute respiratory syndrome–corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G antibody test was positive. The final diagnosis was postinfectious immune-mediated demyelinating isolated right palatal palsy. The child responded dramatically to a short pulse of methylprednisolone for 3 days and did not display any sequelae on follow-up. Conclusion: In the setting of the current pandemic, we recommend including SARS-CoV-2 serology in the routine workup of children presenting with isolated palatal palsy

Gastrointestinal Symptom Improvement in Infants After Restrictive Tethered Oral Tissue Release: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to systematically explore improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms 1 week and 1 month following the frenotomy procedure, compared to before the procedure for infants under 12 months of age using meta-analysis calculations. Methods: Studies were selected that presented data on breastfed infants under 12 months of age, with gastrointestinal symptoms and reflux, who underwent surgical correction for restricted maxillary labial frenum and/or ankyloglossia, and/or maxillary buccal frena. Case reports, letters to editors, previous systematic reviews, in vitro and animal studies, and only abstracts were excluded. An integrative literature review was carried out in MEDLINE via PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus Embase, Web of Science & Cochrane Library from April 2016 to March 2023. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Modified Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. GRADE profiler (GRADEpro) was used to rate the quality of evidence. We conducted meta-analysis using random effects modelling with the RevMan Software 5.4. Results: Out of the 90 studies identified, nine studies were included, seven were prospective cohort studies, one was a prospective randomized trial, and one was a retrospective analysis. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms showed statistically significant improvement in I-GERQ-R scores after 1 week (effect size = 3.40, p < 0.00001) and 1 month (effect size = 6.37, p < 0.00001) as compared to before release. Kotlow Class 3 and Class 4 lip tie, Coryllos Type 3 and Type 4 tongue tie showed maximum symptoms and the greatest improvement after release. Conclusion: Tethered oral tissues should be considered as a potential etiology in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal reflux in infants

Development and Optimization of Proniosomal Gel Containing Etodolac: In-vitro, Ex-vivo and In-vivo Evaluation

Introduction: Etodolac is used in the treatment of acute pain and inflammation. It has low solubility because of high hydrophobicity and it is reported that upon oral administration shows gastric disturbances. This encourages the development of topical vesicular formulation.&#x0D; Method: In this work we used coacervation-phase separation method for the development of etodolac loaded vesicular system by using non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol and soya lecithin. Central composite design (rotatble) was used to optimize the concentrations of soy lecithin, surfactant and cholesterol. The prepared formulations were characterized by number of vesicles formed, vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro permeation, ex-vivo permeation and anti-inflammatory study.&#x0D; Results: Etodolac was successfully entrapped in all formulations having efficiency in the range of 74.36% to 90.85%, which was more at 4 °C than room temperature. When hydrated with water; niosome in the range of 54 to 141 (per cubic mm) were spontaneously produced. The results of in-vitro diffusion study revealed that etodolac was released in the range of 71.86 to 97.16% over a period of 24 hrs. The average vesicle size of optimized formulation was found 211.9 nm with PDI of 0.5. The observed responses i.e. % encapsulation efficiency and drug release were 74.12 and 95.08 respectively. The zeta potential was -19.4mV revealed the stability of formulation which was further confirmed by no changes in drug content and drug release after stability studies. The % inhibition in paw volume was 40.52% and 43.61% for test and marketed proniosomal gel.&#x0D; Conclusion: Proniosomal gel formulation was stable and could enhance skin delivery of etodolac because of excellent permeation capability of vesicular system.</jats:p

Desarrollo y optimización del gel proniosomal que contiene etodolaco: evaluación in vitro, ex vivo e in vivo

Introducción: Etodolac se usa en el tratamiento del dolor agudo y la inflamación. Tiene baja solubilidad debido a la alta hidrofobia y se informa que tras la administración oral muestra alteraciones gástricas. Esto fomenta el desar¬rollo de formulación tópica en lugar de oral. Método: En este trabajo utilizamos el método de separación de fase de coacervación para el desarrollo del sistema vesicular cargado con etodolaco mediante el uso de tensioactivos no iónicos, colesterol y lecitina de soja. El diseño central compuesto (rotativo) se utilizó para optimizar las concentraciones de lecitina de soja, surfactante y colester¬ol. Las formulaciones preparadas se caracterizaron por análisis de tamaño de vesículas, potencial zeta, eficiencia de atrapamiento, permeación in vitro, permeación ex vivo y estudio antiinflamatorio. Resultados: Etodolac quedó atrapado con éxito en todas las formulaciones que tenían una eficiencia en el intervalo de 74,36% a 90,85%, siendo mayor a 4 ° C que a temperatura ambiente. Cuando se hidrata con agua, los niosomas se producen espontaneamente el rango de 54 a 141 (por mm cúbico). Los resultados del estudio de difusión in vitro revelaron que el etodolaco se liberó en un rango de 71,86 a 97,16% durante un período de 24 horas. El tamaño me¬dio de vesícula de la formulación optimizada se encontró en 211,9 nm con un PDI de 0,5. Las respuestas observadas, es decir,% de eficacia de encapsulación y liberación de fármaco, fueron 74,12 y 95,08 respectivamente. El potencial zeta fue de -19,4 mV y reveló la estabilidad de la formulación, que fue confirmada adicionalmente por la ausencia de cambios en el contenido del fármaco y la liberación del fármaco después de los estudios de estabilidad. El% de in¬hibición en el volumen de la pata fue del 40,52% y del 43,61% para la prueba y el gel proniosómico comercializado. Conclusión: la formulación de gel proniosomal fue estable y podría mejorar el suministro de etodolaco a la piel debido a la excelente capacidad de permeación del sistema vesicular.Introduction: Etodolac is used in the treatment of acute pain and inflammation. It has low solubility because of high hydrophobicity and it is reported that upon oral administration shows gastric disturbances. This encourages the development of topical vesicular formulation. Method: In this work we used coacervation-phase separation method for the development of etodolac loaded ve¬sicular system by using non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol and soya lecithin. Central composite design (rotatble) was used to optimize the concentrations of soy lecithin, surfactant and cholesterol. The prepared formulations were characterized by number of vesicles formed, vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro permeation, ex-vivo permeation and anti-inflammatory study. Results: Etodolac was successfully entrapped in all formulations having efficiency in the range of 74.36% to 90.85%, which was more at 4 °C than room temperature. When hydrated with water; niosome in the range of 54 to 141 (per cubic mm) were spontaneously produced. The results of in-vitro diffusion study revealed that etodolac was released in the range of 71.86 to 97.16% over a period of 24 hrs. The average vesicle size of optimized formulation was found 211.9 nm with PDI of 0.5. The observed responses i.e. % encapsulation efficiency and drug release were 74.12 and 95.08 respectively. The zeta potential was -19.4mV revealed the stability of formulation which was further confirmed by no changes in drug content and drug release after stability studies. The % inhibition in paw volume was 40.52% and 43.61% for test and marketed proniosomal gel. Conclusion: Proniosomal gel formulation was stable and could enhance skin delivery of etodolac because of excel¬lent permeation capability of vesicular system