Coalition Coordination during the Boxer Rebellion: How Twenty-Seven “Councils of Senior Naval Commanders” Contributed to the Conduct of Operations

The military operations that foreign states conducted in response to the Boxer Rebellion were the first coalition operations of the modern era

Suppression of Alkalization in Rainwater Regulating Reservoir by Shading on a Pilot Scale

As water in a rainwater regulating reservoir at the Sankyo landfill site in Nagasaki City tends to be alkalized and to exceed the pH upper limit of 7.5, measures to suppress the alkalization should be implemented. Inhibiting photosynthesis in algae is required to suppress the alkalization. Shading is one of the methods for inhibiting algal photosynthesis. In this study, we evaluated the pH reduction effect of shading on a pilot scale. pH decreased from 7.28 to 7.15 when 3% of the total area of the rainwater regulating reservoir was shaded. In addition, a clear decrease in pH was observed with more than 60% shading