Des militants de l’école : les associations de parents d’élèves en France

À la jonction des controverses sur l'école et des interrogations sur la crise du militantisme, les résultats d'une enquête auprès de l'élite militante des trois grandes fédérations de parents d'élèves démontrent la permanence de modèles d'engagement associatif, articulés selon deux logiques, une logique enseignement privé-enseignement public, une logique gauche-droite. Les représentations de la participation des parents au système scolaire, de la « communauté éducative » aux attitudes « anti-enseignants », soulignent les contradictions fondamentales du mouvement des parents d'élèves et contribuent à son évolution

The Dawn of a New, New International Economic Order

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether being overweight or obese is associated with significant health outcomes in an 85-year-old population. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanDESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based study. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanSETTING: Linkoping, Sweden. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanPARTICIPANTS: Three hundred thirty-eight people born in 1922 were identified using the local authoritys register. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMEASUREMENTS: Data related to sociodemographic characteristics, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), assistance use, and the presence of diseases were collected using a postal questionnaire. Anthropometry and functional status were assessed during home and geriatric clinic visits. Diseases were double-checked in the electronic medical records, and information about health service consumption was obtained from the local healthcare register. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESULTS: Overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI andgt;= 30.0 kg/m(2)) participants perceived more difficulty performing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and had more comorbidity than their normal-weight counterparts (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), but their overall HRQoL and health service costs did not differ from those of normal-weight participants. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, being overweight did not influence IADLs or any comorbidity, but obese participants were more likely to perceive greater difficulty in performing outdoor activities (odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-4) and cleaning (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-4.2) than their normal-weight counterparts. Although obesity was also associated with multimorbidity (OR = 3, 95% CI = 1.2-8), the health service cost of each case of multimorbidity (n = 251) was highest in normalweight participants and nearly three times as much as in obese participants (ratio: 2.9, 95% CI = 1.1-8.1). less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanCONCLUSION: For 85-year-olds, being obese, as opposed to overweight, is associated with self-reported activity limitations and comorbidities. Overweight older adults living in their own homes in this population had well-being similar to that of those with normal weight.Funding Agencies|Health Research Council of the South-East of Sweden||County of Ostergotland||Janne Elgqvist Family Foundation||</p

Развитие аптечного дела в Городокском районе Витебской области

ИСТОРИЯ МЕДИЦИНЫИСТОРИЯ ФАРМАЦИИПЕРВАЯ ПОМОЩ

Brushite foams - the effect of Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F-127 on foam porosity and mechanical properties

Resorbable calcium phosphate based bone void fillers should work as temporary templates for new bone formation. The incorporation of macropores with sizes of 100 -300 µm has been shown to increase the resorption rate of the implant and speed up bone ingrowth. In this work, macroporous brushite cements were fabricated through foaming of the cement paste, using two different synthetic surfactants, Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F-127. The macropores formed in the Pluronic samples were both smaller and less homogeneously distributed compared with the pores formed in the Tween samples. The porosity and compressive strength (CS) were comparable to previously developed hydroxyapatite foams. The cement foam containing Tween, 0.5M citric acid in the liquid, 1 mass% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate mixed in the powder and a liquid to powder ratio of 0.43 mL/g, showed the highest porosity values (76% total and 56% macroporosity), while the CS was >1 MPa, that is, the hardened cement could be handled without rupture of the foamed structure. The investigated brushite foams show potential for future clinical use, both as bone void fillers and as scaffolds for in vitro bone regenerationPeer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Reactive combinatorial synthesis and characterization of a gradient Ag-Ti oxide thin film with antibacterial properties

The growing demand for orthopedic and dental implants has spurred researchers to develop multifunctional coatings, combining tissue integration with antibacterial features. A possible strategy to endow titanium (Ti) with antibacterial properties is by incorporating silver (Ag), but designing a structure with adequate Ag+ release while maintaining biocompatibility has been shown difficult. To further explore the composition-structure-property relationships between Ag and Ti, and its effects against bacteria, this study utilized a combinatorial approach to manufacture and test a single sample containing a binary Ag-Ti oxide gradient. The sample, sputter-deposited in a reactive (O-2) environment using a custom-built combinatorial physical vapor deposition system, was shown to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus with viability reductions ranging from 17 to above 99%, depending on the amount of Ag+ released from its different parts. The Ag content along the gradient ranged from 35 to 62 wt.%, but it was found that structural properties such as varied porosity and degree of crystallinity, rather than the amount of incorporated Ag, governed the Ag+ release and resulting antibacterial activity. The coating also demonstrated in vitro apatite-forming abilities, where structural variety along the sample was shown to alter the hydrophilic behavior, with the degree of hydroxyapatite deposition varying accordingly. By means of combinatorial synthesis, a single gradient sample was able to display intricate compositional and structural features affecting its biological response, which would otherwise require a series of coatings. The current findings suggest that future implant coatings incorporating Ag as an antibacterial agent could be structurally enhanced to better suit clinical requirements. (C) 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Silver containing sorbents: Physicochemical and biological properties

AbstractNew silver containing sorbents, based on mineral carriers, such as alumina and silica systems with a meso- and macro- porous structure, have a higher mechanical resistance and, hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemical composition of the surface. These sorbents are easy to find and relatively inexpensive, compared to their known equivalents. They are furthermore characterised by high specific surface and simple preparation, whilst the addition of silver considerably increases their antiseptic activity. The results of research of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the developed substances, as well as bio-comparability of sorbents with biological tissues, are presented in this paper. The modified material acts simultaneously as the carrier for active substances to the area of therapeutic application and as a sorbent used to remove toxic agents from such areas. This approach led us to modify the sorbent, and prolong the delivery of substances such as silver, as an effective antibacterial and antimycotic agent

A method for post-processing of finite element analyses to assess critical macroscopic voids

A method for post-processing of finite element analyses to assess critical macroscopic voids is presented. One single, global analysis of the structure or component is carried out and then post-processed. By using a template model and the same constitutive model as for the global model, a damage scaling function is defined once and then applied to the result from the global model. The result is a database with critical relative sizes for different void rotations at the integrations points in the global model

Spatio-temporal inference for circadian gene transcription in the mammalian SCN

Almost all life on earth exhibit circadian rhythms of behaviours that are tied to the natural day and night cycle. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is responsible for generating and communicating these rhythms to peripheral tissues. The neurons of the SCN function as noisy molecular clocks, expressing circadian genes in an oscillatory fashion over the course of 24 hours through a transcriptional/translational feedback loop (TTFL). The cells synchronise to form a robust clock, capable of exact timekeeping and entrainment to external stimuli, e.g. light, via intercellular signalling. This thesis investigates spatio-temporal inference for stochastic models of the TTFL, motivated by the availability of high-resolution bioimaging data of core circadian genes Period and Cryptochrome from mouse SCN. We begin by introducing the mammalian clock and SCN bioimaging data. We then cover various methodologies for mechanistic and stochastic modelling of gene transcription, including chemical reaction networks, the chemical Langevin equation, and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inference. We derive stability criteria for a model of the single-cell TTFL that describes transcriptional inhibition through a distributed delay. The model is fitted to imaging data of the gene Cry1, which allows us to infer the dynamics of circadian gene transcription and molecular population sizes. A Bayesian hierarchical framework is developed to model spatial dependencies observed in the parameter estimates of the single-cell model. The methodology is applied to bioimaging data of the Cry1-gene and the analysis tools are developed further by deriving a Bayesian period estimator and an inhibition profile which allow us to study the spatial distribution of key properties of the TTFL across SCN tissue. Finally, the methodology is extended to include an additional molecular species that captures transcriptional activation. This extension confers a mechanistic spatial interpretation to the model by describing the effect of intercellular signalling. By eliciting informative prior distributions for parameters of the circadian Per2 feedback loop, we are able to fit the model to simultaneous recordings of Per2 and calcium. The model fit represents a first step in obtaining a complete model of both single-cell and organ-wide dynamics with empirically estimated parameters

Photocatalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid on Mo2C-Containing Catalyst

Soluble components in the peripheral blood from experimental exposure of 14 healthy subjects to filtered air and wood smoke. Samples were collected before (pre), at 24 h and 44 h after exposure, to air and wood smoke. Data are given as medians with interquartile range. (DOCX 62 kb