The analysis of standards in public space and social equipments of public housing units constructed in Turkey

There has been a a housing need in big cities asa a result of migration from rural areas to urban areas in Turkey. In order to solve the housing need, public housing applications have been done. It is necessary to include social substructure equipments which meet the needs of people living in these housing units. After 1983, the economic developments in Turkey increased the standarts of life. Due to this people want to live in high quality houses. The houses are expected to meet not only the need of accomodation but also the social needs. This need was met by public housing units that have been costructed by both state and private sector in this respect, the studies of real Estate Bank which is a state Bank and whose main functtion is to built housing units. The application of public housing units over 1000 dwellings each, has been done in important cities of Turkey by Real Estate Bank. In these applications, great importance has been given to design and product of space and social equipments which are open to public use of people living in units. Turkish families like in western countries wish to live in a well-planned enviroment. A study was carried out to analyze social equipments and space for common use in a housing units starting after 1985. This study was done in public housing units in Istanbul which is influenced from migration most and which has highest population. The public housing units in this study were the ones costructed by Real Estate Bank which is biggest housing unit costructor. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the standarts of commonly used social equipments and open space in units are same as the ones in western countries or not. Especially schools, shopping areas, health services, areas for sport activities, open spaces and others were analyzed and resultsindicated in this study

The analysis of standards in public space and social equipments of public housing units constructed in Turkey

There has been a a housing need in big cities asa a result of migration from rural areas to urban areas in Turkey. In order to solve the housing need, public housing applications have been done. It is necessary to include social substructure equipments which meet the needs of people living in these housing units. After 1983, the economic developments in Turkey increased the standarts of life. Due to this people want to live in high quality houses. The houses are expected to meet not only the need of accomodation but also the social needs. This need was met by public housing units that have been costructed by both state and private sector in this respect, the studies of real Estate Bank which is a state Bank and whose main functtion is to built housing units. The application of public housing units over 1000 dwellings each, has been done in important cities of Turkey by Real Estate Bank. In these applications, great importance has been given to design and product of space and social equipments which are open to public use of people living in units. Turkish families like in western countries wish to live in a well-planned enviroment. A study was carried out to analyze social equipments and space for common use in a housing units starting after 1985. This study was done in public housing units in Istanbul which is influenced from migration most and which has highest population. The public housing units in this study were the ones costructed by Real Estate Bank which is biggest housing unit costructor. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the standarts of commonly used social equipments and open space in units are same as the ones in western countries or not. Especially schools, shopping areas, health services, areas for sport activities, open spaces and others were analyzed and resultsindicated in this stud

Differential Responses of Human Regulatory T Cells (Treg) and Effector T Cells to Rapamycin

Background: The immunosuppressive drug rapamycin (RAPA) promotes the expansion of CD4+ CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory\ud T cells via mechanisms that remain unknown. Here, we studied expansion, IL-2R-c chain signaling, survival pathways and resistance to apoptosis in human Treg responding to RAPA.\ud Methodology/Principal Findings: CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25neg T cells were isolated from PBMC of normal controls (n = 21)\ud using AutoMACS. These T cell subsets were cultured in the presence of anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and 1000 IU/mL IL-2 for 3 to 6 weeks. RAPA (1–100 nM) was added to half of the cultures. After harvest, the cell phenotype, signaling via the PI3K/ mTOR and STAT pathways, expression of survival proteins and Annexin V binding were determined and compared to values obtained with freshly-separated CD4+CD25high and CD4+CD25neg T cells. Suppressor function was tested in co-cultures with autologous CFSE-labeled CD4+CD25neg or CD8+CD25neg T-cell responders. The frequency and suppressor activity of Treg were increased after culture of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the presence of 1–100 nM RAPA (p,0.001). RAPA-expanded Treg were largely CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ cells and were resistant to apoptosis, while CD4+CD25neg T cells were sensitive. Only Treg upregulated anti-apoptotic and down-regulated pro-apoptotic proteins. Treg expressed higher levels of the PTEN protein than CD4+CD25neg cells. Activated Treg6RAPA preferentially phosphorylated STAT5 and STAT3 and did not utilize the PI3K/ mTOR pathway.\ud Conclusions/Significance: RAPA favors Treg expansion and survival by differentially regulating signaling, proliferation and sensitivity to apoptosis of human effector T cells and Treg after TCR/IL-2 activation

Türkiye'de bir bilim müzesi:Zooloji Müzesi ziyaretçi bekliyor

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 114-Müzelerİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033

Kent sularının görkemli ve anıtsal yapıları:İstanbul'un su kemerleri "2"

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 104-Çeşmelerİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033)Bozdoğan Kemeri (Valens), Mazlum Kemer (Ma'zul Kemer), Alipaşa Kemeri (Çiçoz Kemeri), Kavasköy Kemeri (Havasköy Kemeri / Müderrisköy Kemeri / Tekke Kemeri), Ortadere Kemeri (Ayvad Kemeri / Ayvalı Kemer

Early Interferon-γ Production in Human Lymphocyte Subsets in Response to Nontyphoidal Salmonella Demonstrates Inherent Capacity in Innate Cells

Background Nontyphoidal Salmonellae frequently cause life-threatening bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. Young children and HIV-infected adults are particularly susceptible. High case-fatality rates and increasing antibiotic resistance require new approaches to the management of this disease. Impaired cellular immunity caused by defects in the T helper 1 pathway lead to intracellular disease with Salmonella that can be countered by IFNγ administration. This report identifies the lymphocyte subsets that produce IFNγ early in Salmonella infection. Methodology Intracellular cytokine staining was used to identify IFNγ production in blood lymphocyte subsets of ten healthy adults with antibodies to Salmonella (as evidence of immunity to Salmonella), in response to stimulation with live and heat-killed preparations of the D23580 invasive African isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium. The absolute number of IFNγ-producing cells in innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocyte subpopulations was determined. Principal Findings Early IFNγ production was found in the innate/innate-like lymphocyte subsets: γδ-T cells, NK cells and NK-like T cells. Significantly higher percentages of such cells produced IFNγ compared to adaptive αβ-T cells (Student's t test, P<0.001 and ≤0.02 for each innate subset compared, respectively, with CD4+- and CD8+-T cells). The absolute numbers of IFNγ-producing cells showed similar differences. The proportion of IFNγ-producing γδ-T cells, but not other lymphocytes, was significantly higher when stimulated with live compared with heat-killed bacteria (P<0.0001). Conclusion/Significance Our findings indicate an inherent capacity of innate/innate-like lymphocyte subsets to produce IFNγ early in the response to Salmonella infection. This may serve to control intracellular infection and reduce the threat of extracellular spread of disease with bacteremia which becomes life-threatening in the absence of protective antibody. These innate cells may also help mitigate against the effect on IFNγ production of depletion of Salmonella-specific CD4+-T lymphocytes in HIV infection

Dissecting interferon-induced transcriptional programs in human peripheral blood cells

Interferons are key modulators of the immune system, and are central to the control of many diseases. The response of immune cells to stimuli in complex populations is the product of direct and indirect effects, and of homotypic and heterotypic cell interactions. Dissecting the global transcriptional profiles of immune cell populations may provide insights into this regulatory interplay. The host transcriptional response may also be useful in discriminating between disease states, and in understanding pathophysiology. The transcriptional programs of cell populations in health therefore provide a paradigm for deconvoluting disease-associated gene expression profiles.We used human cDNA microarrays to (1) compare the gene expression programs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) elicited by 6 major mediators of the immune response: interferons alpha, beta, omega and gamma, IL12 and TNFalpha; and (2) characterize the transcriptional responses of purified immune cell populations (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes) to IFNgamma stimulation. We defined a highly stereotyped response to type I interferons, while responses to IFNgamma and IL12 were largely restricted to a subset of type I interferon-inducible genes. TNFalpha stimulation resulted in a distinct pattern of gene expression. Cell type-specific transcriptional programs were identified, highlighting the pronounced response of monocytes to IFNgamma, and emergent properties associated with IFN-mediated activation of mixed cell populations. This information provides a detailed view of cellular activation by immune mediators, and contributes an interpretive framework for the definition of host immune responses in a variety of disease settings