Social, cultural and policy issues of the application of remote area off-grid photovoltaic

Globally, the PV market is growing rapidly with a total installed capacity of more than 100GW at this time. Many of the existing PV electrification projects fall short of expectations by not meeting their objectives. A lot of these projects have not taken into account the social and cultural issues of the community, nor its future development. Experience from other programs suggested that, to implement a solar PV system, the people have to understand and accept its reliability compared to the unreliability of the grid. Cultural acceptance is a “must” to make the project work successfully over a long time, thereby improving the project’s sustainability. It is emphasised that we should include community participation while working on electricity access. If the community is not involved, people will not take on projects to support them as their own. It is also important to define a community, its characteristics and limits, and to identify the local legitimised decision-making process. An analysis of the community’s perspective would help our understanding in developing project. This paper explains the social, cultural and policy issues of remote area PV applications in the light of current projects in developing countries

Urban Renewal Strategy for a Commercial Area: Case Study-Agrabad Commercial Area, Chittagong

Rapid urbanization is a currently a challenging problem for any developing country. To keep pace with the current population growth and ongoing economic development the cities are need to be expanded. But for a developing country, the territorial expansion of any city would be difficult for reducing the load, because of its economic and structural limitations. So for utilizing its limited resources fully, urban renewable strategy is preferable for every developing country. Renewable strategies increase the efficiency of the whole area & bolster economic force. Agrabad Commercial Area, CBD is the main business area in CHITTAGONG. In this study Commercial Business District (CBD) of Chittagong is taken as a case study and paper focuses on finding some suitable strategic proposals for it

A survey of the views of program implementers on success factors of solar PV programs in Asia and the Pacific

Much effort has been invested in identifying the important barriers to the widespread take-up of renewable energy systems and in using information to develop best practice guidelines for the implementation of rural renewable energy electrification programs in developing countries. Many renewable electrification programs have been implemented in developing countries of Asia and the Pacific to improve the quality of life of the people living in remote rural areas. Those that have been successful demonstrate that a market for household renewable energy systems can be developed quickly and efficiently given the right combination of institutional, financial and policy instruments. The literature indicates, however, that a number of these programs have met with limited success. Much effort has been invested in attempting to identify the reasons behind this lack of success. Understanding the reasons behind the limited success of some programs, and for the relatively high success of others, is important as this information can inform program implementers and improve the success rates of future programs. Most of the research effort to date has focused on the identification of barriers to the widespread take-up of renewable energy systems and this information has been used in the development of best practice guidelines for the implementation of these programs. This narrow focus on barriers, however, does not consider other important factors behind the success of programs. An email survey of those implementing programs in SE Asian and Pacific countries was therefore undertaken with the aim of obtaining the views of program implementers on not only what barriers they see as hindering the uptake, but also on what essential factors they consider need to be included in designing and implementing programs in order ensure program success and the criteria to measure the program success

A policy framework and industry roadmap model for sustainable oil palm biomass electricity generation in Malaysia

The current global trends demonstrate the significant role of renewable energy in meeting the growing energy demand across all sectors to support national economic growth. In Malaysia, palm oil is one of the major agricultural export commodities with a total production of 17.7 million tonnes or 41% of the total world palm oil production in 2008. This research evaluates the sustainability of the grid-connected oil palm biomass renewable energy industry in Malaysia and proposes a policy framework and industry roadmap. The factors investigated include resource supply, the efficiency of waste to energy conversion technology used in the existing plants, and the attractiveness of the electricity interconnection scheme in encouraging exports of excess power from the participating mills to the main grid. A literature review and field survey were conducted to understand the barriers and possible enhancements to the current FiT system. The study concluded that harmonisation between upstream and downstream palm oil agricultural activities is essential for achieving the goal of making the oil palm biomass waste to energy industry sustainable. The policy framework and industrial roadmap models provide a distinctive enhancement to the FiT system besides indicating the way towards a sustainable biomass to the energy industry

Bayesian Persuasion for Containing SIS Epidemic with Asymptomatic Infection

We investigate the strategic behavior of a large population of agents who decide whether to adopt a costly partially effective protection or remain unprotected against the susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic. In contrast with most prior works on epidemic games, we assume that the agents are not aware of their true infection status while making decisions. We adopt the Bayesian persuasion framework where the agents receive a noisy signal regarding their true infection status, and maximize their expected utility computed using the posterior probability of being infected conditioned on the received signal. We completely characterize the stationary Nash equilibrium of this setting, and identify conditions under which partial information disclosure leads to a smaller proportion of infected individuals at the equilibrium compared to full information disclosure, and vice versa

EFFECT OF TILLAGE DEPTH AND MULCH MATERIALS ON WEED MANAGEMENT, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF WHEAT

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN AGRONOMY SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2014The experiment were conducted during the period from November 2013 to March 2014 in the experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka to find out the effect of tillage depth and mulch materials on weed management, yield attributes and yield of wheat. The experiment comprised of two factors; Factor A: Tillage depth (4 levels)- T0: Control, T1: 3// depth, T2: 6// depth and T3: 9// depth and Factor B: Mulch materials (3 types)- M0: Control (no mulch), M1: Rice straw and M2: Black polythene. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Cyperous rotundus, Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colonum, Chenopodium album were found with major population among the 10 weed species in the experimental field. In the case of tillage depth, at 20 DAS the maximum number of weed population m-2 were recorded in T0 (14.00), while the minimum number in T3 (7.44). At 30, 40, 50, 60 DAS and at harvest, the longest plants were found from T3 (34.15, 55.60, 69.29, 91.67 and 106.76 cm, respectively), whereas the shortest plants from T0 (24.59, 37.50, 52.60, 75.96 and 92.94 cm, respectively). The highest grain yield were recorded from T3 (3.47 t ha-1), whereas the lowest from T0 (2.15 t ha-1). The highest straw yield were recorded from T2 (4.98 t ha-1), whereas the lowest from T0 (3.56 t ha-1). For mulch materials, at 20 DAS, the maximum numbers of weed population m-2 were found in M0 (13.50), while the minimum number in M2 (8.33). At 30, 40, 50, 60 DAS and at harvest, the longest plants were observed from M2 (32.99, 52.89, 65.93, 88.89 and 105.69 cm, respectively), while the shortest plants from M0 (27.90, 45.21, 60.11, 79.62 and 97.04 cm, respectively). The highest grain yield were found from M2 (3.25 t ha-1), while the lowest from M0 (2.81 t ha-1). The highest straw yield were found from M2 (4.69 t ha-1), while the lowest from M0 (4.22t ha-1). Due to the interaction effect of tillage depth and mulch materials, at 20 DAS, the maximum number of weed population m-2 (16.33) were found from T0M0, while the minimum number (4.33) from T3M2 treatment combination. At 30, 40, 50, 60 DAS and at harvest, the longest plants were observed from T3M2 (37.29, 60.46, 73.75, 96.60 and 111.50 cm, respectively) and the shortest plants from T0M0 (23.18, 35.38, 51.36, 70.19 and 89.40 cm, respectively). The highest grain yield were found from T3M2 (3.95 t ha-1) and the lowest from T0M0 (2.07 t ha-1). The highest straw yield were found from T3M2 (5.39 t ha-1) and the lowest from T0M0 (3.43 t ha-1). It were revealed that 9// depth of tillage with Black polythene mulch were found the best for weed management, yield attributes and yield of wheat

Identifying the determinants of residential electricity consumption for social housing in Perth, Western Australia

The residential sector contributes significantly to the overall energy consumption in Australia. A survey was undertaken to provide an indication of the determinants of electricity consumption in Perth Social Housing in Western Australia. The household survey provided a range of information about a number of building and occupant-related factors, including floor area, household size, disposable household income, occupancy hours, Head of Household (HoH) gender, presence of children in the households and occupants’ window opening behaviour that may influence the consumption in the dwellings. Outcomes of the research revealed that the floor area, household size, disposable household income and HoH gender are significant in explaining the variation in electricity consumption of the sample households. Other factors such as the presence of children in the household and window opening behaviour of the building users, however, did not precisely explain the changes in the households’ electricity usage. It is concluded that further studies into the determinants discussed in this paper are required to support the findings and gain a better understanding of the impact of these factors on electricity consumption in Western Australia (WA)

Energy and economic losses caused by dust on residential photovoltaic (PV) systems deployed in different climate areas

Results of the study revealed that when dust impinged on the surface of the PV modules, monthly maximum power output of a 1.5 kWp system in Perth, Australia and a 50 Wp system in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia decreased, on average, by about 4.5% and 8%, respectively. Economic modelling showed that, the cost of production per kWh lost due to dust exhibited by these systems were A$0.26/kWh and A$ 0.15/kWh, respectively. Comparison of the cost of energy losses and maintenance revealed that, the Perth system would require manual cleaning in October while the system in NTT would require cleaning in August and October. Although the saving in production losses is not economically significant, this cleaning schedule was recommended, particularly for small systems in NTT since the extra output can have a significant effect on the quality of life in remote villages. The key finding was that higher dust de-rating factors and more cleaning activity may be more appropriate for PV systems deployed in tropical climate areas than that in temperate climate regions. It is recommended that PV system Standards that use the 5% performance de-rating factor due to soiling are reviewed and consideration given to climate-dependent de-rating factors

Seasonal effect of dust on the degradation of PV modules performance deployed in different climate areas

The aim of this study is to investigate the seasonal effect of dust on the degradation of PV modules deployed in two different climate areas, Perth, Western Australia, a temperate climate region and Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia, a tropical climate region. Results revealed that PV performance varied with season. In Perth, the performance of PV modules which was maximal in the beginning of summer decreased significantly at the end of the season. The performance then increased back approaching the initial position at the end of autumn and reached a peak at the end of winter. Similar reduction to the summer’s performance was accounted by the modules at the end of spring. Meanwhile, in NTT, the performance of PV modules was maximal in the beginning of wet season, dropped slightly at the end of the season and decreased significantly at the end of dry season. Degradation of all modules in the two sites was more affected by dust compared to the non-dust related factors. The degradation is important information for future PV design in both areas, especially in NTT which accounted greater values than the typical dust de-rating factors

Examining the potential for developing women-led solar PV enterprises in rural Myanmar

Access to electricity is limited in rural areas of Myanmar, where the majority of the population live. Myanmar's rich solar resource and the recent price drop in solar PV modules indicate initial suitability for rural solar electrification systems to meet the electricity demand. In many parts of Myanmar, women are responsible for supporting the family financially. The ability of rural women in Myanmar to take advantage of solar PV powered services to improve their lives depends on concurrent progress towards addressing the many dimensions of gender equality - empowerment, health, education, opportunity, voice, representation, and livelihood-in rural locations. This paper examines the barriers of solar PV applications and the potential for women led solar PV enterprise development in rural Myanmar. Although the entrepreneurial process is the same for men and women in theory, in practice different factors e.g. social/cultural, religion, economic and educational ultimately result in the disadvantaged status of women-led enterprises. Therefore, widespread and long-term eventuation of this potential in Myanmar depends on a government committed to renewable energy resources for rural electrification and to diligently and holistically addressing geographical, political, educational, financial, ethnic and technical barriers to the empowerment of a rural, female population