The thermospheric tides as an oscillator circuit system

Approximative derivation of diurnal tidal density wave in thermosphere as oscillatory circui

Theoretical model for the latitude dependence of the thermospheric annual and semiannual variations

A three-dimensional model for the annual and semiannual variations of the thermosphere is presented in which energy and diffusive mass transport associated with the global circulation are considered in a self-consistent form. It is shown that these processes play a major role in the thermosphere dynamics and account for a number of temperature and compositional phenomena

A numerical study of a three dimensional spherical thermospheric density and wind model

Numerical calculations of the generation and propagation of the two important fundamental symmetric tidal wave modes - the diurnal mode (1, 1, 1,) and the semidiurnal mode (2, 2, 2) - were performed applying a realistic model thermosphere and taking into account heat conduction and the temporally and spatially varying ion-neutral collision number. Both wave modes are predominantly generated by the solar EUV heat input. It is shown that the latitude structure of the (1, 1, 1)-mode which is identical with the Hough function(1, -1) within the lower non-dissipative atmosphere degenerates into the spherical function P sub 1, 1 at thermospheric heights. The pressure field of this mode constitutes the observed pressure bulge of the thermosphere, the diurnal component of which peaks at 15 h L. T. The electric polarization field of the geomagnetic Sq current generates a significant fraction of this wave mode at F layer heights. This wave component shifts the total horizontal wind system to earlier times by about 1 hour in agreement with ionospheric observations. The latitude structure of the (2, 2, 2) mode is identical with the Hough function (2, 2) within the lower non-dissipative atmosphere. It degenerates to the spherical function P sub 2, 2 at thermospheric heights

Neutral air waves in the thermosphere

Neutral air waves in thermosphere - eigenvalues of characteristic wave

A model of the magnetospheric temperature distribution

Turbulent heat transfer and heat conductivity effects on magnetospheric temperature distributio

The effects of income inequality on BMI and obesity: Evidence from the BRFSS

Despite increasing knowledge on its adverse consequences, obesity prevalence across the U.S. has been rising markedly over the past three decades. The private and economic costs of this development are substantial, and it has been estimated that its direct and indirect costs now sum to over 1% of annual GDP. While much progress has been achieved in recent years in understanding the economic changes that contribute to this development, a little researched factor that has also been argued to exacerbate the prevalence of obesity is the distribution of income. Augmenting data from 12 consecutive waves of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), with a recently published data set on state-level income inequality based on tax payments, the present paper analyzes whether changes in income inequality can be considered a determinant of variations in body mass and obesity across the U.S. It finds that they have a significant positive effect on BMI and obesity. While the effect is small, it is in the range of other state-level determinants, suggesting that some form of redistributive policy may help containing the spread of unfavorable weight outcomes

The vertical transmission of time use choices

The present paper analyzes intergenerational correlations in leisure time use between parents and their adult children in order to gain an understanding of the importance of genetics and early childhood learning mechanisms in preference formation. Data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) is used to regress time use choices of children on the behavior of their parents after the former have left to form their own household. A principal component analysis on eight time use items reveals two identifiable components, associated with personal leisure time use outside the home, and voluntary work. Estimations find substantial and significant correlations for both components, but suggest that the variance in filial behavior explained by the variance in parental behavior is limited, ranging from 17% to 32% for personal leisure time use, and from 2% to 7% for voluntary work. Moreover we provide evidence that direct transmission of parental preferences to their children accounts for roughly 20% of the observable similarity between the two generations. These results are robust to a wide array of robustness checks, including changes in estimation technique, model specification, and data restrictions, and suggest that these correlations can be ascribed to preference transmission from parental to filial generation rather than to coordination between generations. Aside from adding to the growing economic literature on preference transmission models, it also provides empirical support for the strong impact of non-parental sources of preferences formation, voiced particularly in models of dual inheritance

Note on the semi-annual effect in the thermosphere

The semi-annual variation in the thermospheric density is discussed in terms of the spatial and temporal variations in the solar heat input. Two heat sources are considered: the solar heat input associated with the semi-annual migration of the sun, and the auroral heat associated with the semi-annual component in magnetic storms. It is shown that the relatively large global component in the semi-annual effect of the total mass density can be explained by the lack of advective loss which otherwise damps the latitude dependent components in the annual and semi-annual variations, and the significant latitude dependence in the semi-annual variations of composition and temperature can be tied to the diffusion process which is induced by the thermospheric circulation

Conscientious consumers? Preferences, personality and expenditure in the UK

While the importance of personality for understanding differences in labor market outcomes has come to be increasingly appreciated by economic scholars, little research has so far focused on the question whether these measures also explain some of the individual heterogeneity in demand behavior. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, this study provides evidence for the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and expenditures for food away from home and other leisure activities. Additionally, we assess the relationship between dimensions of personality and individual preferences in predicting expenditure on these categories. Results indicate that aspects of personality predict a nonnegligible part of expenditure behavior, and that these effects are independent of the individual's preference stock. Our results provide empirical support for approaches that include personality as a constraint into economic models of human behavior