Contraindications of Corneal Laser Refractive Surgery

Background: More than 25 years of experience have shown that refractive surgery techniques and corneal laser refractive surgery are safe and effective methods by correcting refractive errors. Contraindications of laser refractive surgery can be easily related to complications, and they need to be given particular attention. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to describe contraindications in laser refractive surgery based on literature review and to create a guideline about the contraindications of laser refractive surgery for optometrists at Eira´s Hospital. The main task was to create a clinical assessment guideline for optometrists in their everyday work for identifying potential and non-potential pre-surgery patients. Methods: A literature review was conducted through PubMed, Ebscohost and ScienceDirect to identify studies about contraindications of corneal laser refractive surgery. The final literature search was done in cooperation with information specialist from Oulu University Library in March 2024. The search was limited to articles written in English language and the aim was to select literature no older than 10 years. The number of studies were altogether 227. After screening the studies by reading the titles or the abstract of the studies, 18 studies were included in for further evaluation and analysis. Results: From the chosen literature, the key elements of contraindications were defined and those were age below 18 years, corneal abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, certain drugs, external eye disease, glaucoma, the shape and thickness of cornea, pregnancy and lactation, refractive stability, uncontrolled systemic autoimmune disease, unrealistic expectations and uveitis. According to the results of the workshop, a table about contraindications was created. The guidance will increase the knowledge about contraindications and decrease unnecessary complications after corneal laser refractive surgery. In this way a better service will be given to patients, and it will lower patient unsatisfaction. Conclusions: More optometrists work in the field of optometry and in the eye clinics nowadays and that is why the knowledge about contraindication is important. Doing the pre-examinations in a standardized way and having a specific protocol for that is crucial. When optometrists know the contraindications of corneal laser refractive surgery, the easier it is to determine whether the pre-surgery patient is a good candidate for the surgery or not

Motivational Differences in Choosing to Study Languages at University : A comparison between students majoring in English, Finnish, and Other Additional Languages

This thesis aims to compare the motivational differences in choosing to study languages at university between students of English, Finnish, and languages other than English. The study focuses on the students’ initial interest in studying language at university, examining both general interest in languages and the desire to learn more of the major subject language. In addition, the reasons behind students’ decisions to study languages at university were analysed, along with their prospective career aspirations. This study utilised questionnaire data from 672 first-year language majors. The data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Initial interest in languages was analysed using descriptive statistics. Differences in interest between the groups were measured using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Lastly, students’ reasons for choosing to study languages and prospective career aspirations were examined using data-driven content analysis. The study showed that first-year language majors are highly interested in studying languages, with students studying languages other than English being the most motivated. Students were more interested in learning more of their major subject language compared to general interest in languages. Students had multiple reasons for choosing to study languages at university. These reasons were interest in the major subject language, professional goals, perceived language skills, the desire to learn more, general interest in languages, cultural interest, usefulness of the language, indecision and lack of direction, and the desire to study at a university. In addition, students had multiple professional goals. These goals were education-related fields, translation, specialist roles, international aspirations, media and communications, research, political and administrative professions, professions related to literature, creative professions, technology-related fields, and other ambitions. A large majority of the students also expressed uncertainty regarding their prospective profession

Make-to-order business model: slow fashion as a strategy

AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Mikkeli Campus ABSTRACT OF BACHELOR’S THESIS Author: Aino Kreetta Helena Valonen Title of thesis: Make-to-order business model: slow fashion as a strategy Date: 6 April 2021 Degree: Bachelor of Science in Economics and Business Administration Supervisor: Susan Grinsted Objectives The main objective of this study was to create an effective strategy for an online make-to-order business that practices slow fashion and targets mainly women as customers. Additional objectives of this study were to 1) reveal customer segments and markets that make-to-order businesses could target 2) define what is the unique value that make-to-order businesses bring to customers 3) identify the core resources and capabilities that make-to-order businesses utilize. Summary This research conducted both individual in-depth interviews and a survey. Individual in-depth interviews aimed to add to the understanding of what current made-to-order businesses offer and why. The survey aimed to understand what consumers demand and expect from made-to-order businesses. Conclusions The aspects of an effective made-to-order strategy included consideration to slow fashion, creating a unique customer experience and choosing the right production process regarding desired flexibility. Additionally, the made-to-order business model is suitable to compete in the middle market segment or in the luxury market. Made-to-order businesses should consider customization strategies and using online presence and technology strategically. Key words: slow fashion, made-to-order fashion, sustainable fashion Language: English Grade

Verotusmenettelylain 28 §:n EU-oikeudellinen ulottuvuus : ATAD 6 artiklan vaikutus kansallisen lainsäädännön VML 28 §:ään

Veron kiertäminen nousee mediassa jatkuvasti esille, jolloin myös aiheesta keskustelu on yleistä. Media kirjoittaa usein veron kiertämisestä negatiivisin sävyin, jolloin tämä varsin vallitseva negatiivinen mielikuva välittyy myös lukijoille. Veron kiertäminen pitää kuitenkin sisällään useita lähikäsitteitä, joista kaikkia ei tulisi mieltää laittomaksi. Käsitteitä ovat esimerkiksi verosuunnittelu, veron minimointi sekä aggressiivinen verosuunnittelu. Edellä mainittuja on kuitenkin lähes mahdoton erottaa täysin toisistaan, mutta niiden yksityiskohtaisempi tarkastelu ja jonkin asteinen erottelu on silti mahdollista ja tarpeellista. Veron kiertämisen ehkäisemiseksi on säädetty verotusmenettelystä annetun lain (VML, 1558/1995) 28 §, joka on yleinen veronkiertosäännös. Säännöstä voi kuvailla yleislausekkeeksi, joka tarkoittaa, ettei sitä ole säädetty kovinkaan yksityiskohtaiseksi, vaan sille on ominaista pikemminkin formaalisesti väljä muotoilu. Vuonna 2018 Euroopan unioni on säätänyt yleisen veronkiertodirektiivin (2016/1164, ATAD), jolla on ollut vaikutusta myös kansallisen lainsäädännön tulkintaan. Tutkielman kannalta tällä direktiivillä on ollut vaikutusta myös VML 28 §:n tulkintaan, ja tutkielman tarkoituksen on pyrkiä hahmottamaan direktiivin vaikutus VML 28 §:n tulkintaan. Tutkimusote on lainopillinen, eli oikeusdogmaattinen. Lainopilla tarkoitetaan voimassa olevan oikeuden tilan selvittämistä systematisoimalla ja tulkitsemalla normeja. Tutkielman lähteinä ovat voimassa oleva EU-oikeus, kansallinen lainsäädäntö, erityisesti verolainsäädäntö, lain esityöt sekä oikeuskäytäntö. Tutkielmassa käytetään laajalti myös oikeuskirjallisuutta ja niiden myötä syntyneitä keskeisimpiä teorioita