Haarukkapaloja Finravinto 1997 -tutkimuksesta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu: Finravinto 1997 -tutkimus = The 1997 dietary survey of Finnish adults (Kansanterveyslaitoksen julkaisuja B8/1998) / Finravinto 1997 -tutkimuksen työryhmä. Helsinki, 1998

Effects of Catastrophic Insect Outbreaks on the Harvesting Solutions of Dahurian Larch Plantations

Optimal harvesting under pest outbreak risk was studied on a set of even-aged Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) stands in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. The effects of catastrophic pest outbreaks caused by the Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus) on the economic harvesting plan are compared through both deterministic and stochastic cases. Stand simulation is based on an individual-tree growth system. A scenario approach is applied when simulating the effects of catastrophic pest outbreaks. Insect damage is assumed to be a Poisson process with an average rate of 0.1 per year. One hundred scenarios of insect damage are created using the Poisson process to simulate the distribution of bare land value of each of the optimal regimes. Numerical results show that the optimal rotation is shortened with an increasing probability of a catastrophe. The average bare land values in the stochastic case are approximately 14.8% to 22.9% lower. Numbers of thinnings are decreased for most plots when seeking a highest bare land value, compared to the deterministic optima. If given a constant thinning rate, increasing risk-taking shortens the optimum rotation, as the model set used.Peer reviewe

Sustainable Business Model Simulation – What If...?

Pienet ja keskisuuret yritykset kohtaavat nykyään useita komplekseja ja systeemisiä haasteita toiminnassaan. Ne voivat olla vaikeita ratkaista ja vaativat yrityksiltä uudenlaisia yhteistoiminnan ja verkostoituneen toiminnan tapoja, jotka puolestaan vaikuttavat yritysten liiketoimintamalleihin. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on osoittaa, että uudenlainen tapa fasilitoida business model canvasin (BMC) luomista pk-yrityksille ja mikroyrittäjille auttaa simuloimaan liiketoiminnassa tapahtuvaa muutosta ja innovoimaan ratkaisuja komplekseihin ja systeemisiin haasteisiin lisäten näin yritysten tulevaisuuskestävyyttä. Tutkimus toteutettiin case-tutkimuksena ja työpajametodina toimi LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® Business Model Canvas -menetelmä (LSP BMC). LSP BMC on inklusiivinen fasilitointitekniikka, jonka avulla osallistujat rakentavat abstraktien ajatusten ja suunnitelmiensa pohjalta konkreettisia 3D-malleja LEGO®-palikoiden avulla. 70 YAMK-opiskelijaa osallistui yhteen puolen päivän mittaiseen työpajaan yhteistyössä kahden ulkoisesti rahoitetun TKI-hankkeen kanssa. Työpajan aikana osallistujat testasivat kestävän BMC:n rakentamista 3D-tarinan muodossa. Työpaja keskittyi erityisesti BMC:n arvolupausosioon ja siihen missä tilanteissa arvoa luodaan yhdessä asiakkaan ja yrityksen välillä. Lisäksi systeemisen muutoksen vaikutuksia mallinnettiin leikin avulla, jolloin oli mahdollista tarkastella sidosryhmätoimijoiden välisiä keskinäisiä suhteita ja simuloida muutoksen vaikutusta kestävyyden kolmen eri näkökulman – ekologisen, sosiaalisen ja taloudellisen näkökulman – kautta. Työpajat nauhoitettiin ja niiden pohjalta tehtiin temaattinen analyysi työpajaosallistujien ryhmädynamiikasta ja heidän käyttämistään käsitteistä. Työpajan tuloksina havaittiin, että osallistujat liittivät monenlaisia tunnepitoisia reaktioita BMC:istä ja niiden kestävyydestä keskustelemiseen ja lisäksi osallistujien sanoitukset ongelmista ja niiden ratkaisuista vaihtelivat työpajojen aikana. Testauksen kautta havaittiin, että osallistujilla on usein ongelmia abstraktilla tasolla ymmärtää arvolupauksen merkitystä yritykselle ja että sen konkretisoiminen nähtävään ja koettavaan LEGO®-palikoista rakennettuun 3D-malliin auttoi ymmärtämään toimijoiden välisin suhteita ja simuloimaan systeemisiä haasteita paremmin. Lisäksi malli auttoi hahmottamaan, miten yritysvastuuseen liittyvässä ESG-viestinnässä tulisi kuvata yrityksen vastuullisuustoimintaa asiakkaille. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että BMC on usein tekstitasolla vaikeakäsitteinen ja vaatii käyttäjältään mielikuvitusta ja selkeä ymmärrystä toimintaympäristöstään. LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® Business Model Canvas -menetelmä auttaa lisäämään tätä ymmärrystä simulaation avulla, jossa voidaan vapaasti kokeilla erilaisia skenaarioita ja miten ne yritystoimintaan vaikuttavat. Kun nämä skenaariot dokumentoidaan tarinallisina videon avulla, ne myös viestivät tehokkaammin sisällöstään kuin perinteinen tekstipohjainen business model canvas.Purpose Complex and systemic issues, such as climate change, can be especially difficult for an individual company to address, being suddenly forced to collaborate with networks, transforming their business models. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how a new business model canvas facilitation can help simulate change and enable small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and micro-entrepreneurs become more future-resilient and to innovate with regards to complex and systemic issues, such as sustainability. Methodology The methodology used in the study is LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® Business Model Canvas. It is an inclusive workshop facilitation technique that allows participants to construct intangible thoughts and strategies into tangible 3D models. 69 MBA students participate in one half-day workshop in conjunction with two externally funded research projects. We will experiment and test a novel sustainability business model canvas logic in a 3D story format. We focus especially on the value proposition part of how, why and under what conditions value is co-created together and explore implications of systemic change through play, discussing interrelationships between actions of stakeholders, and simulate impact of the triple bottom-line. Findings We expect to gain insights about how to facilitate business model canvas simulations with LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® especially with the focus on sustainability and how the participants’ feelings and wordings about sustainability change during a workshop. The testing will provide us with findings on how simulations help business model innovation and whether the participants can successfully apply and communicate ESG principles or risks of not doing so. In our previous workshops in the Green Steps project, participants have reported they see a disconnect in combining macro-level societal goals, such as sustainability, with their day-to-day operations. We expect this methodology to help in making that connection and communicating it effectively. Originality We create a new streamlined sustainability business model canvas that suits well for small enterprises and entrepreneurs transforming their operations with giant leaps to the green economy. We extend the Ojasalo and Ojasalo (2018) Service Logic Business Model approach and evaluate it in a practical setting. The most original part is the simulation of future actions and their consequences through play, as well as documenting the business model with the help of narratives and video instead of a one-dimensional canvas or document. Systemic change requires new ways of collective thinking and transformative leadership, which we encourage through serious, inclusive play and simulations of future actions among stakeholders

Modelling Pinus pinea forest management to attain natural regeneration under present and future climatic scenarios

Natural regeneration-based silviculture has been increasingly regarded as a reliable option in sustainable forest management. However, successful natural regeneration is not always easy to achieve. Recently, new concerns have arisen because of changing future climate. To date, regeneration models have proved helpful in decision-making concerning natural regeneration. The implementation of such models into optimization routines is a promising approach in providing forest managers with accurate tools for forest planning. In the present study, we present a stochastic multistage regeneration model for Pinus pinea L. managed woodlands in Central Spain, where regeneration has been historically unsuccessful. The model is able to quantify recruitment under different silviculture alternatives and varying climatic scenarios, with further application to optimize management scheduling. The regeneration process in the species showed high between-year variation, with all subprocesses (seed production, dispersal, germination, predation, and seedling survival) having the potential to become bottlenecks. However, model simulations demonstrate that current intensive management is responsible for regeneration failure in the long term. Specifically, stand densities at rotation age are too low to guarantee adequate dispersal, the optimal density of seed-producing trees being around 150 stems·ha−1. In addition, rotation length needs to be extended up to 120 years to benefit from the higher seed production of older trees. Stochastic optimization confirms these results. Regeneration does not appear to worsen under climate change conditions; the species exhibiting resilience worthy of broader consideration in Mediterranean silviculture

Optimal forest species mixture with carbon storage and albedo effect for climate change mitigation

Accounting for carbon storage and the albedo effect through Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) or manda- tory offset permits aims to internalize the environmental externalities of forest management. This can shift the economically optimal rotation age, and incorporate rents for a wider range of ecosystem service offerings. A mixed stand economic optimization model was used to determine the optimal stand mixture and inter-species climate regulation trade-offs. Mixed forest dynamics between deciduous silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and coniferous Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were evaluated. The sensitivity of our results to the absolute species-specific differences in albedo parameter values was also conducted. Results indicated that a synergistic climate regulation trade-off between the two species exists. The optimal rotation for the combined carbon stor- age and albedo effect was equivalent to that of the carbon storage only case. Differences in absolute albedo im- pacts were most sensitive at high discount rates, for ‘climate only’ management, and over increasing offset prices. These results demonstrate the importance of parameter certainty in the promotion of PES in forestry. They also show that mixed stands can promote more efficient trade-offs between forest ecosystem service offerings and provide a basis for diversifying between ecosystem functions.Peer reviewe

Forest owners’ views on storing carbon in their forests

Given the high percentage of private forest ownership in Finland, family forest owners have an important role in mitigating climate change. The study aims to explore Finnish family forest owners' perceptions on climate change and their opinions on increasing carbon storage in their forests through new kinds of management activities and policy instruments. The data consists of thematic face-to-face interviews among Helsinki metropolitan area forest owners (n = 15). These city-dwellers were expected to be more aware of and more interested in climate change mitigation than forest owners at large. Forests as carbon fluxes appear to be a familiar concept to most of the forest owners, but carbon storage in their own forests was a new idea. Four types concerning forest owners' view on storing carbon in their forests could be identified. The Pioneer utilizes forestland versatilely and has already adopted practices to mitigate climate change. The Potential is concerned about climate change, but this is not seen in forest practices applied. The Resistant is generally aware of climate change but sees a fundamental contradiction between carbon storing and wood production. The Indifferent Owner believes that climate change is taking place but does not acknowledge a relation between climate change and the owner's forests.Peer reviewe