Limits on School Disciplinary Authority over Online Student Speech

When, if ever, can a public secondary school in the United States legally discipline a student for the content of a personal website, a Facebook post, a text message, or an email that the student created or transmitted from an off-campus location? The U.S. Supreme Court has never addressed the issue, and the lower courts have split on it, providing a number of different answers to the question. In answering this question, this Comment distinguishes between two kinds of off-campus internet speech: (1) threats or incitements to violence that are never protected by the First Amendment in any context (“true threats”), and (2) other kinds of speech the First Amendment would protect if the speaker were an adult in a public forum. This Comment argues that there should be limits on school disciplinary authority over both of these kinds of speech. Threats or incitements to violence serious enough to fall outside the scope of constitutional protection may always subject a speaker to criminal punishment. Therefore, this Comment argues that students should not additionally be subject to school discipline for such unprotected speech unless the speech has some connection (a “sufficient nexus”) to the school. This rule has the advantage of allowing schools to discipline students for threats related to the school while also preventing school authority from a limitless extension into matters so unrelated to the school that they should only be handled by authorities. In contrast to its position on unprotected “true threats,” this Comment argues that schools should never be allowed to discipline students for off-campus internet speech that would be protected by the First Amendment if it occurred outside the school context. In cases involving speech that occurred at school, the U.S. Supreme Court has stated, in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District and its progeny, that schools may discipline students for speech that causes “substantial disruption” to school activities. But, this Comment argues that, since Tinker and its progeny were designed specifically for the school setting, the school speech rules articulated in Tinker and its progeny should never be applied to off-campus speech. Although others have made that argument, this Comment goes further by attempting to clearly define when speech occurs on campus and when it occurs off campus. It argues that speech originally created or transmitted off campus may only be considered on-campus speech if it is intentionally (re)communicated by the student while he or she is on campus. It further argues that the Spence v. Washington test for communicative conduct should be used to decide if internet speech was intentionally communicated on campus. This Comment concludes with a discussion of how the rule it proposes should apply in specific situations that schools are likely to face in the future

Carvacrol and Thymol Reduce Swine Waste Odor and Pathogens: Stability of Oils

An incomplete anoxic fermentation of livestock waste results in offensive odor emissions. Antimicrobial additives may be useful in controlling odor emissions and pathogens. Natural antimicrobial compounds, carvacrol or thymol at 16.75 mM (2.5 g/l) completely inhibited the production of the offensive odor compounds, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and cresol, and significantly reduced other short-chain volatile fatty acids and gas emissions from swine waste. Fecal coliforms were reduced from 6.3 X 106 to 1.0 X 103 cells per ml 2 days after treatment with carvacrol (13.3 mM) and were not detectable within 14 days. Total culturable anaerobic bacteria were reduced from 12.4 X 1010 to 7.2 X 108 cells per ml after 2 days and were suppressed below this level for 28 days. Lactate production was not prevalent in untreated swine waste indicating that the microbial populations differ from those in cattle waste. Carvacrol and thymol were stable in swine waste under anoxic conditions for 62 days with 90 to 95% of the additive being recovered in the waste solids. In conclusion, carvacrol and thymol are not metabolized in anoxic swine waste and they are potentially useful in controlling odor emissions and pathogens in swine waste

ASUHAN GIZI TERSTANDAR PADA PASIEN DESATURASI ET CAUSA (EC)PLUGING TRACHEAL TUBE (TT), PNEUMONIA ASPIRASI BRAINSTEM CONTUSION, DENGAN RIWAYAT INTRACEREBERAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH) DI RUANG PERAWATAN MICU RSUP Dr. SARDJITO YOGYAKARTA

Latar Belakang : Critical ill adalah manajemen medis yang kompleks untuk orang yang sakit atau cedera parah. Tingkat penyakit atau cedera ini melibatkan gangguan akut pada satu atau lebih sistem organ vital dengan kemungkinan besar kerusakan yang mengancam jiwa kondisi pasien. Critical care memerlukan pengambilan keputusan yang kompleks dan dukungan sistem organ vital untuk mencegah kegagalan yang melibatkan satu atau lebih hal berikut ini: sistem saraf pusat, sistem peredaran darah, sistem ginjal dan hati, sistem metabolisme dan pernapasan, serta syok. Tujuan : Mengetahui proses asuhan gizi terstandar pada pasien desaturasi et causa (ec) pluging Tracheal Tube (TT), pneumonia aspirasi brainstem contusion, dengan riwayat intracereberal hemorhage (ICH) di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Desain penelitian ini adalah studi kasus. Hasil : Setelah dilakukan proses asuhan gizi terstandar selama 3 hari berturut-turut, Hasil pengkajian status gizi yaitu data pengukuran data antropometri gizi kurang, data biokimia diperoleh kadar GDS pasien tinggi, kadar albumin rendah, analisis gas darah (AGD) rendah, data klinis/fisik pasien normal dengan edema dan keluhan berkurang, data Riwayat makan atau kebiasaan makan pasien baik, Monitoring yang dilakukan meliputi biokimia, serta asupan makan. Diperoleh hasil asupan makan meningkat bertahap (mencapai 80%), data biokimia AGD kurang, fisik/klinis menetao Kesimpulan : Dari hasil penelitian ini menggunakan NRS 2002 hasil pasien berisiko mengalami malnutrisi, diagnose gizi menetap, Kebutuhan gizi pasien yaitu energi sebesar 1737 kkal, protein 69,3 gram, lemak 57,9 gram, karbohidrat 234,7 gram, Asupan makan pasien belum mencapai target yaitu underfeeding Kata kunci : Asuhan Gizi Terstandar, Desaturasi, Tracheal Tube (TT), pneumonia aspirasi, IC

Effectiveness of Counting Box Learning Media to Improve the Ability to Sum Numbers 1-10 for Children with Cerebral Palsy

This research aims to improve the ability to add numbers 1-10 for cerebral palsy children at SD IT Permata Kita Padang by used Counting Box Learning media. Learning Media Counting Box serves as a learning prop that can be seen and makes it easier for students to count. This research uses a quantitative approach with experimental methods, namely Single Subject Research (SSR) and A1-B-A2 Design, and the data is analyzed using visual graphs by entering data in graphs which are then analyzed based on conditions A1-B-A2 The results of research used Counting Box Learning media can improve the ability to add numbers 1-10 for cerebral palsy children at SD IT Permata Kita Padang

The Writing Process And Tenses Are Used On “A Day In My Life: Leo Edition” Book

Picture story book is a book that has interesting content and pictures to read. Picture story books can also be a medium of learning for children. The book "A Day in my life: Leo Edition" has a target audience of children who are in elementary school aged 7-12 years. However, the making of a book cannot be separated from several processes called the writing process. Harmer (2004) has four stages such as planning, drafting, editing (revising and reflecting), and final version. The result is the writer use four stages based on Harmer (2004). After going through the writing process, the writer is faced with selecting tenses. According Azar (2017) there are 12 types of tenses. The writer must analyzing tenses in books that have been made by the writer. After the writer analyzes, the book "A Day in My Life: Leo Edition" uses six tenses out of 12 tenses based on Azar (2017)

PENGARUH IDEALISME, LOVE OF MONEY, SIFAT MACHIAVELLIAN DAN LOCUS OF CONTROL TERHADAP PERSEPSI ETIS MAHASISWA AKUNTANSI TENTANG ETIKA AKUNTAN

Etika adalah hal penting yang tidak bisa hilang dalam kehidupan manusia. Kode etik diciptakan agar pemilik profesi dapat bekerja sesuai dengan norma dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Dalam profesi akuntan publik, perlu seorang akuntan harus dapat memenuhi standar kode etik yang telah ditetapkan oleh AICPA. Seorang akuntan dapat dikatakan memiliki integritas dan kredibilitas sebagai akuntan profesional melalui perilaku etis yang dimiliki orang tersebut. Integritas dan kredibilitas diperlukan karena profesi akuntan sangat rentan terhadap kecurangan. Personality dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi perilaku etis. Variabel personality merupakan unsur penting yang memberikan panduan bagi seseorang untuk menentukan sikap terhadap sebuah perilaku etis. Idealisme, Love of money, Machiavellian dan locus of control mampu menunjukkan sudut pandang yang berbeda, sehingga dapat memberikan hasil yang berbeda antar variabel. Personality idealisme dan locus of control memberikan sudut pandang yang positif sedangkan machiavellian dan love of money akan memberikan sudut pandang yang negatif

Methane and Protein from Beef Cattle Manure

Dwindling supplies of conventional fossil fuels have prompted renewed interest in recovering energy through the bioconversion of waste organic materials. The large quantities of manure produced in confinement feedlots and the need to manage this manure effectively make feedlots a logical choice for assessing the feasibility of recovering methane and protein through anaerobic fermentation. Research at U.S. Meat Animal Research Center is designed to determine the technical and economic feasibility of recovering methane and protein from beef cattle manure. Specific Objectives are to: 1. Develop design criteria for optimum production of methane and protein through anaerobic fermentation of beef cattle manure, 2. Develop efficient methods to recover high protein biomass from the fermented residue, 3. Evaluate the nutritional value of the biomass as a livestock feed, 4. Determine the capital and operational costs and energy, man-power, and safety requirements for methane fermentation systems associated with livestock operations. This project was initiated in 1976 and is jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and the U.S. Department of Energy through the Solar Energy Research Institute

Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk Ciputat Kota Tangerang Selatan

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of leadership style and work motivation on employee performance at PT. Ramayana, Teras Kota Tangerang Selatan branch. The method used in this research is quantitative method with a population and a sample of 60 employees. Data analysis in this study includes validity test, reliability test, correlation, multiple regression analysis, coefficient of determination, classical assumption test and hypothesis testing. The results of the study partially leadership affect employee performance while work motivation has no effect on employee performance. Simultaneously, the leadership style and work motivation are tested on employee performance. This can be seen from the results of the F test, the value of Fcount> Ftable: 43.390> 3.09 and a significant value of 0.000 <0.05.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui r pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk (RALS) Ciputat Kota Tangerang Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dengan populasi dan sampel sebanyak 60 orang karyawan. Analisis data pada penelitian ini meliputi uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, korelasi, analisis regresi berganda, koefisien determinasi, uji asumsi klasik dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian secara parsial kepemimpinan berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan sedangkan motivasi kerja tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan. Secara simultan gaya kepemimpinan dan motivasi kerja pengujian terhadap kinerja karyawan. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari hasil uji F nilai Fhitung > Ftabel : 43,390 > 3,09 dan nilai signifikan 0,000 < 0,05

Simultaneous resource recovery and ammonia volatilization minimization in animal husbandry and agriculture

AbstractThe study demonstrates that the minimization of ammonia volatilization and urea recovery could be coupled through the use of physical adsorption processes in continuous packed-bed columns. The potential of using microwave activated coconut shell based activated carbon toward the recovery of urea from cattle urine was investigated. The prepared carbon was immobilized onto etched glass beads to investigate the effect of initial concentration, flow rate and size of carbon support in a continuous, down-flow mode packed column. Further, to describe the sorption behavior, the experimental data were tested against different kinetic models. The analysis of the breakthrough curves allowed identification of the favorable operating parameters as: sorbate flow (8 L⋅h−1), initial urea concentration (60%) and glass bead support size (ϕ 1.5 cm). An equilibrium sorption of 802.8 mg⋅g−1 and up to 80% urea recovery was observed. Regeneration studies allowed for nearly 95% urea recovery with sorbent capacity decreasing by 5% over seven cycles of sorption/desorption