Design Development and in Vitro Characterization of Glibenclamide Liquisolid Tablet

Glibenclamide is an antidiabetic drug which belongs to the class sulfonyl ureas. It is poorly water soluble and hence have less oral bioavailability of about 40%. Since Glibenclamide is a poorly soluble drug it is classified under class II drugs as per BCS classification. Solubility plays a vital role in determining the invitro absorption of the drug, and hence the problem of poor solubility needs to be addressed with great care in formulating poorly soluble drugs. Among the various method adopted to increase the solubility of drugs, liquisolid technique seems to be a promising technology. The aim and objective of the study was to improve the solubility and dissolution characteristics of Glibenclamide using liquisolid technology. Solubility is one of the major factors which affects the in vivo performance of the drug. Poorly soluble drugs throw a stiff challenge to the formulation scientists in producing a dosage form for such drugs with satisfactory dissolution profile. Among the various mechanisms used for improving the solubility and thereby the dissolution of these drugs, liquisolid technique is gaining much attention and importance in recent years. The availability of drug in the solubilised form and increase in the wettability of the powders by the dissolution media were some of the proposed mechanisms to explain the enhanced dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs from such formulations. Hence, in this study, liquisolid technique was chosen to enhance the dissolution properties of Glibenclamide. The Glibenclamide liquisolid compacts were prepared by using propylene glycol as the non volatile liquid vehicle. Avicel PH 102 and Aerosil 200 were used as the carrier and coating material, respectively. The flow properties of Glibenclamide liquisolid compacts showed an acceptable flowability. The hardness, friability, weight variation and disintegration tests were within acceptable limits. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed enhanced drug release from liquisolid compacts compared with conventional and marketed tablet. XRPD studies showed complete inhibition of crystallinity in the Glibenclamide liquisolid compacts suggesting that the drug has been transformed into amorphous form having more solubility than the parent drug. The DSC study also supported the findings of XRPD analysis and confirmed the absence of any interaction between the drug and excipients used in the preparation of Glibenclamide liquisolid compacts. The liquisolid tablets having drug concentration of 5%w/w (LS-3) with Lf value of 0.270 and R value of 30, was chosen as best formulation among the twelve batches, in terms of faster disintegration time, superior dissolution profile and acceptable tablet properties. This research work has produced encouraging results in terms of increasing the in vitro dissolution of poorly soluble drugs such as glibenclamide using liquisolid technology and we expect a good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo performance of the formulations. The technique being simple and effective can also be extended to other poorly soluble drugs. The in vivo performance of the liquisolid compacts has to be studied using animal models to claim a complete success in the development of these formulations

Effectiveness of Curry Leaves Powder on Control of Blood Sugar among Type 2 Diabetic Clients at Selected Rural Areas, Coimbatore

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Effectiveness of curry leaves powder on control of blood sugar among type 2 diabetic clients at selected rural areas, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES: 1. Pre assessment of fasting blood sugar level in experimental and control group. 2. Administering curry leaves powder in the experimental group. 3. Post assessment of fasting blood sugar level in experimental and control group. 4. Association of pretest level of blood sugar scores with demographic variables among type 2 Diabetic clients in experimental group. METHODOLOGY : Quantitative approach, quasi experimental research design was used for the present study. The sample for the study consists of 40 type 2 diabetic clients, 20 in experimental group and 20 in control group, selected by non probability convenience sampling technique. RESULTS: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The obtained ‘t’ value for blood sugar level was 13.16 for the experimental group. The obtained ‘t’ value for blood sugar level in type 2 diabetic clients were higher than the table value. CONCLUSION: The level of blood sugar in type 2 diabetic clients who received curry leaves powder was significantly reduced than those who did not received curry leaves powder

Nanosilica-added concrete: strength and its correlation with time-dependent properties

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on fresh and hardened properties of high-performance concrete (HPC) containing nanosilica (nS), and a comparison with HPC containing microsilica (mS), and a reference concrete (RefCon). The temperature of fresh concrete was monitored using maturity sensors. The compressive strength, splitting-tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, rebound hammer number and ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete were determined at different ages, and correlated with creep and drying shrinkage results reported earlier by the authors. The study revealed that nS has accelerated the strength development at early ages, whereas the mS addition showed no significant change. The nS-HPC exhibited improved mechanical properties as compared to the other concretes. The correlation between compressive strength and maturity, as obtained, would be useful for carrying out early-age construction activities. A good correspondence was also noted between the mechanical properties obtained from destructive and non-destructive testing. The correlation of mechanical properties and time-dependent properties revealed that, in spite of improvement in the former, the nS-HPC exhibited higher creep and drying shrinkage than other two concretes. As a result, suitable suggestions are made to account for this in the design of structural elements. </jats:p

Properties of concrete with high volumes of unprocessed coarser fly ash and nanosilica

The limitation of fly ash as a cement substitute in concrete is often low due to its slow rate of strength development. The use of unprocessed coarser siliceous fly ash is also negligible. An attempt was made to produce a structural-grade concrete using a high volume of unprocessed coarser fly ash and colloidal nanosilica that was curable at ambient conditions. The fly ash content in the trial mixes varied from 50 to 70%. The temperature of fresh mixes during early age indicated that adding nanosilica accelerated the rate of hydration. Also, substantial improvements in early- and later-age compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths; modulus of elasticity; and stress–strain characteristics were observed for mixes with nanosilica. The compressive strength test results were corroborated with the inferences made from scanning electron microscopy and differential thermogravimetric analysis of the hardened cementitious pastes. The material cost of the mixes with nanosilica was found to be in a range similar to that of an ordinary Portland cement concrete, and the carbon dioxide equivalent emission of such concretes was 45–65% lower. It was concluded that with the addition of 3% colloidal nanosilica, it is possible to prepare a structural-grade concrete using unprocessed coarser siliceous fly ash that is curable at ambient conditions and has significantly improved early-age strength and also high later-age strength, while at the same time achieving sustainability and favourable cost benefits. </jats:p

A study on nanosilica- and microsilica-added concretes under different transport mechanisms

This paper presents the relative performance of nanosilica (nS)- and microsilica (mS)-added concrete with reference to durability under different transport mechanisms such as absorption, sorption, diffusion and migration. The concrete for this study was made with optimum quantities of mS and nS, which were determined based on maximum strength efficiency factor. The results showed that nS-added concrete exhibited superior durability properties compared to mS-added concrete under the above transport mechanisms, even at lower cement replacement. The beneficial effects of nS on the pore refinement of concrete were observed through the latter's high resistance to water absorption, sorptivity, chloride penetration and corrosion susceptibility. The relatively higher rapid chloride permeability and lower concrete resistivity of nS added concrete were attributed to the possible static surface charge of nS particles. The scanning electron microscopic image showed a compact and dense microstructure of nS-added concrete with increased finer-sized calcium–silicate–hydrate, reduced calcium hydroxide contents, and compact interfacial transitional zones. </jats:p