Unraveling the evolutionary origin of the complex Nuclear Receptor Element (cNRE), a cis-regulatory module required for preferential expression in the atrial chamber

Cardiac function requires appropriate proteins in each chamber. Atria requires slow myosin to act as reservoirs, while ventricles demand fast myosin for swift pumping. Myosins are thus under chamber-biased cis-regulation, with myosin gene expression imbalances leading to congenital heart dysfunction. To identify regulatory inputs leading to cardiac chamber-biased expression, we computationally and molecularly dissected the quail Slow Myosin Heavy Chain III (SMyHC III) promoter that drives preferential expression to the atria. We show that SMyHC III gene states are orchestrated by a complex Nuclear Receptor Element (cNRE) of 32 base pairs. Using transgenesis in zebrafish and mice, we demonstrate that preferential atrial expression is achieved by a combinatorial regulatory input composed of atrial activation motifs and ventricular repression motifs. Using comparative genomics, we show that the cNRE might have emerged from an endogenous viral element through infection of an ancestral host germline, revealing an evolutionary pathway to cardiac chamber-specific expression

Fatores relacionados ao diagnóstico de enfermagem autocontrole ineficaz da saúde entre diabéticos Factores relacionados al diagnóstico de enfermería autocontrol ineficaz de la salud entre diabéticos Factors related to nursing diagnosis, ineffective self-health management, among diabetics

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores relacionados ao diagnóstico de enfermagem autocontrole ineficaz da saúde em usuários, de serviço de atenção básica à saúde, com Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, tratados com antidiabéticos orais (AO), segundo o sexo. MÉTODOS: Estudo de análise secundária de um banco de dados de pesquisa realizada, entre janeiro e julho de 2009, nos domicílios de 377 usuários de 12 centros de saúde da família de Fortaleza-CE. Para determinar a presença do diagnóstico de enfermagem foi realizada uma analogia entre as questões do teste Medida de Adesão ao Tratamento e quatro das cinco características definidoras do diagnóstico pesquisado. RESULTADOS: Os homens tinham um sentimento de impotência maior (30,4%) que as mulheres (18,4%) acerca da tomada dos AO (p=0,034). As mulheres conseguiram perceber melhor os benefícios da tomada correta dos AO no controle do Diabetes (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Fatores de caráter socioeconômico importantes no controle da doença como a demanda excessiva e deficit de apoio social foram predominantes e significativos entre os homens.<br>OBJETIVO: Investigar los factores relacionados al diagnóstico de enfermería autocontrol ineficaz de la salud en usuarios, del servicio de atención básica a la salud, con Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, tratados con antidiabéticos orales (AO), según el sexo. MÉTODOS: Estudio de análisis secundario de un banco de datos de investigación realizada, entre enero y julio del 2009, en los domicilios de 377 usuarios de 12 centros de salud de la familia de Fortaleza-CE. Para determinar la presencia del diagnóstico de enfermería fue realizada una analogía entre las preguntas del test Medida de Adhesión al Tratamiento y cuatro de las cinco características definidoras del diagnóstico investigado. RESULTADOS: los hombres tenían un sentimiento de impotencia mayor (30,4%) que el de las mujeres (18,4%) respecto a la toma de los AO (p=0,034). Las mujeres consiguieron percibir mejor los beneficios de la toma correcta de los AO en el control de la Diabetes (p=0,002). CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores de carácter socioeconómico importantes, en el control de la enfermedad, como la demanda excesiva y déficit de apoyo social fueron predominantes y significativos entre los hombres.<br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the related factors of the nursing diagnosis, ineffective self-health management, in clients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral antidiabetic (AO), receiving primary health care services, according to gender. METHODS: A secondary analysis of database research conducted between January and July 2009, in the homes of 377 users of 12 family health centers in Fortaleza-CE. To determine the presence of the nursing diagnosis, an analogy was made between the test questions Measure Treatment Adherence and four of the five defining characteristics of the diagnostic search. RESULTS: Men had a greater sense of powerlessness (30.4%) than women (18.4%) about the need for taking the AO (p = 0.034). Women were better able to understand the benefits of taking AO to ensure proper control of their diabetes (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic factors important in controlling the disease, such as excessive demand and social support deficit, were prevalent and significant among men