A területhasználat néhány változása és következményei a Tisza-tónál

A Tisza-tó jelentÅ‘s változásokat idézett elÅ‘ a térség életében, módosult a települések térbeli kiterjedése. Ez a fajta térmódosulás a tanulmányban bemutatott ábrákon kiválóan végigkövethetÅ‘. Sarud, Abádszalók és Tiszafüred esetében egyértelműen megállapítható, hogy a települések térszerkezetének eltolódása a Tisza-tó partján kínálkozó turisztikai lehetÅ‘ségek hatására következett be. A településkép beépítettségében, új településrészek kialakításában, a település arculatának módosulásában szintén közrejátszott a Tisza-tó léte. A strandok településformáló hatása is jelentÅ‘s a feléjük vezetÅ‘ lineáris infrastruktúrák fejlÅ‘désében, az út mentén lévÅ‘ telkek árainak felértékelésében és a parton végbemenÅ‘ változásokban (például Abádszalók). Az elárasztással változás történt a tájhasználatban, majd az azt követÅ‘ években folyamatosan módosult a Tisza-tavat övezÅ‘ tájszerkezet is. A régióban a szántók arányának dominanciája mellett a cserjések és a legelÅ‘hasznosítás jellemzÅ‘. Jól látható továbbá a Tisza-tó mint természeti jelenség térszínformáló hatása. A természet lassan, de mindig változó tendenciáját az emberiség nem hagyhatja figyelmen kívül. A turisztikai célú változtatások akkor lehetnek kellÅ‘képpen eredményesek, ha a természet adta folyamatokba minimális mesterséges beavatkozás történik, mert csak az ember és a természet harmonikus együttműködése eredményezhet kedvezÅ‘ változásokat. ---------------------------------------- The Tisza Lake brought significant changes to the life of the region. It affected the spatial layout of the settlements. This change is clearly apparent in the figures presented in the paper. In the case of Sarud, Abádszalók and Tiszafüred it is obvious that the distortions in the spatial structure of the settlements were induced by the tourism opportunities offered by the beaches on the Tisza Lake. The lake also played a role in changes affecting the build-up density of the settlements, the addition of new parts to the communities and the changes to their appearance. The beaches were also an important factor in the changes: they induced the development of linear infrastructural elements leading towards them, caused the lots along the roads to increase in value, and also induced changes along the waterfront (e.g. in Abádszalók). The creation of the reservoir also affected land use. The region is dominated by ploughlands and is also characterised by shrubland and pastures. Inundation therefore caused a change in land use. In the subsequent years the structure of the landscape around the Tisza Lake underwent a gradual transformation. The effect of the Tisza Lake as a natural element on the landscape is clearly apparent. The slow but inevitable changes in nature cannot be ignored by men. Changes promoting tourism will only be sufficiently successful if we only intervene in the natural processes to the minimum extent possible, as beneficial changes will only come from a harmonious cooperation between nature and humankind.Tisza-tó, területváltozás, területhasznosítás, településkép, turizmus, Tisza Lake, area change, land use, settlement image, tourism, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Introduction to and Bibliography for the Study of Alimentary Life Writing and Recipe Writing as War Literature

In her article Introduction to and Bibliography for the Study of Alimentary Life Writing and Recipe Writing as War Literature Louise O. Vasvári defines the concept of alimentary life writing and locates it in the broader multidisciplinary context of alimentary history, the history of everyday life, gender studies, trauma, and war and holocaust studies. She also underlines and exemplifies the cultural and gendered significance of alimentary life writing in particular in grounding personal and collective identity formation in the female immigrant and ethnic and multicultural writing. Vasvári also compares and contrasts such life writing to wartime food memoirs, as well as to communal wartime food talk and recipe writing as a tool of survival by inmates in prisoner-of-war and in concentration camps

Portfolio performance manipulation in collateralized loan obligations

We examine the discretionary activities that CLO managers engage in to pass monthly overcollateralization (OC) tests. These tests require a CLO’s loan portfolio value, scaled by the CLO notes’ principal balance, to be above a certain threshold. Using CLOs’ granular disclosures, we develop model-free estimates for discretionary loan fair valuation and transaction-based proxies for strategic loan trading. We find a positive association between these discretionary activities and the probability of avoiding an OC test violation. This association varies predictably with junior noteholders’ influence and CLO market conditions. Strategic trading—but not discretionary fair valuation—relates to worse future CLO performance

Counter-Demonstration as Protected Speech: Finding the Right to Confrontation in Existing First Amendment Law

On any given issue, groups with rival viewpoints may clamor for access to a particular forum at a particular moment in time. Public officials, alarmed by the prospect of clashing demonstrators, may seek to enjoin the simultaneous presence of opposing groups. Though counter-demonstration is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon, few cases address the First Amendment implications of such an injunction. Courts granting injunctive relief have relied on a spontaneous combustion thesis, concluding the abstract possibility of violence suffices by itself to justify banishing counter-demonstrators from the forum. This Article asserts that the spontaneous combustion thesis is utterly inconsistent with First Amendment doctrine. Examining two strands of precedent-limiting government power to restrict potentially volatile demonstrations and to punish seditious speech-this Article demonstrates that the First Amendment protects the clash of competing viewpoints even at the risk of public disorder. It contends that counterdemonstration is no less deserving of First Amendment protection than the right to protest generally-and that, absent a clear, present danger of imminent lawless conduct, counter-demonstrators otherwise have a right to deliver their message in the same forum, and at the same time, as those whose message they oppose

Assembling the puzzle of superconducting elements: A Review

Superconductivity in the simple elements is of both technological relevance and fundamental scientific interest in the investigation of superconductivity phenomena. Recent advances in the instrumentation of physics under pressure have enabled the observation of superconductivity in many elements not previously known to superconduct, and at steadily increasing temperatures. This article offers a review of the state of the art in the superconductivity of elements, highlighting underlying correlations and general trends.Comment: Review, 10 pages, 11 figures, 97 references; to appear in Superc. Sci. Techno

Counter-Demonstration as Protected Speech: Finding the Right to Confrontation in Existing First Amendment Law

Accordingly, this Article is aimed at disentangling lines of precedent that are all too frequently entwined by urging an analysis of public protest cases that distinguishes among the four regulatory players. Thus, this Article devotes separate sections to the regulatory roles of legislators,16 administrators,17 judges,18 and police,19 with an introductory section on the doctrinal bedrock in this field: the public forum doctrine.2

The role of reputable auditors and underwriters in the design of bond contracts

The authors empirically test the certification hypothesis by studying the roles of reputable auditors and bank underwriters in the design of bond contracts. The certification hypothesis suggests that reputable capital market intermediaries can credibly communicate inside information to outside investors, thereby helping improve financing terms for firms that raise external funding. Consistent with this hypothesis, the authors provide evidence that reputable auditors and underwriters help corporate bond issuers obtain lower bond yields. The effect of reputable auditors on the yields is greater than that of reputable underwriters in terms of economic magnitude and significance, consistent with auditors’ multiple roles as information intermediaries, monitors, and insurance providers. The authors also find that the presence of reputable auditors and underwriters affects bonds’ nonpricing terms. Firms that hire reputable auditors obtain longer term bonds, whereas those that engage reputable underwriters can issue larger bonds. Taken together, the results suggest that reputable auditors and underwriters have integral, but different, roles in the bond-issuing process. </jats:p

Default clauses in debt contracts

We examine the determinants of events of default clauses in syndicated loan and bond contracts, provisions that allow lenders to request the repayment of principal and to terminate lending commitments. We document significant variation in the use of default clauses and their restrictiveness within the same type of lending contract but also across loans and bonds. We find that default clauses in public bond contracts are less restrictive than those in syndicated loan contracts. We also document that two ex ante proxies for bankruptcy costs, the level of intangible assets and capitalized research and development expenditures at the time of debt contracting, are associated with less restrictive default clauses, especially in bond contracts. We conclude that bondholders attempt to mitigate the occurrence of inefficient defaults. Given their inability to coordinate with each other and their ownership of subordinated claims, bondholders incur higher default costs than bank lenders