Luminosity-Distances of Iue Observed Active Galaxies

Active galaxies are the most luminous objects observed in the Universe and are believed to be powered by mass accretion processes taking place in the vicinity of the central Super massive black hole (M BH ≥ 108M sun ). However, the details of the power generation mechanisms are not understood well yet. In this paper, we are presenting a comparative study of luminosity-distance estimations for the complete sample of active galaxies observed by IUE satellite by different methods. IUE has made UV spectroscopic observations of nearly 400 active galaxies comprising mostly Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars. We have chosen all the active galaxies observed by IUE satellite for the study of luminosity-distance with redshift. The luminosity-distances (D L ) have been calculated using the Hubbles law under non-relativistic and relativistic limits with H0 = 73 Km/sec/Mpc and Terrell (1979) also. We have found that all D L estimations are consistent with each other for z ≤ 1 and diverge for z ≥ 1. The results of cosmological calulator I and II are found to consistent with each other and higher by several factors over cosmological calculator IV and the predictions of the Hubble's law under relativistic case. We observe a kind bimodal distributions in D L for z ≤ 3.5

Ultraviolet Line-Continuum Properties of Seyfert 1 Galaxies and Quasars

Active galaxies are most luminous objects in the universe whose spectra are characterized by both permitted and forbidden emission line features. The spectra of Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars contain strong and broad emission lines of wide ranging ionization potentials. The velocity widths of the lines range from a minimum of ˜ 500 km/s for narrow lines to a maximum of 20,000 km/sec for broad lines. The UV spectra of the active galaxies contain strong and broad emission lines such as Lyα, NV, SiIV, OIV], CIV, CIII] and MgII lines. The widths of the broad lines are attributed to the differential doppler shifts of the emission lines due to the bulk motions of individual clumpy gas clouds in the BLR region. We have anlysed UV spectra of Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars from IUE satellite archival database to understand the nature of dependence of the emission line properties with the underlying UV continuum. We have undertaken line luminosity correlation studies for Lyα and CIV lines with their underlying UV continuum luminosity at 1125Å, 1425Å & 1625Å. The IUE archival spectra have been reduced for galactic reddening using the E(B-V) and NHI values published continuum luminosity has been observed at 1125Å, 1425Å & 1625Å. The Lyα line line has exhibited strongest linear correlation wavelengths while CIV line has shown at 1425Å and 2625Å wavelengths. These results are empirically consistent with the predictions of the general multi-component photo-ionization models suggesting that the central strong UV continuum has been reprocessed by the clumpy gas clouds of the broad emission region (BLR). A detailed account of the data reduction, UV flux measurement and the significance of line-luminosity correlations are discussed in this paper

Personalized E-Learning on Social Web with Machine Learning

Engaged User has been identified as a potential source of knowledge about personal interests, preferences, goals, and other attributes known from user models. As users are free to like the posts available on facebook such as photo and videos, status and links of their own interest, machine learning techniques are applied to analyze and predict that how many users engaged mostly with photos, videos, status and links. The main objective of this study is to analyze the Interest of engaged users on social web, Analyze and predict the engaged users on a particular post over the lifetime and analyzing and predicting facebook users personalized learning. In this work, we have proposed three machine learning algorithms to describe the users likes, shares and comments on posts of the facebook. In this article, we are proposing a new technology for classifying the users engaged in facebook based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed machine learning algorithms shows that the performance of content-based engaged users is more reliable semantically for applied on personalized social web

Study of sociodemographic profile, maternal, fetal outcome in preeclamptic and eclamptic women: a prospective study

Background: Preeclampsia is pregnancy specific disease, lead to maternal, perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study is conducted to identify the socio demographic profile of subjects suffering from preeclampsia and its effect on maternal and fetal health.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology, Kamla Nehru State Hospital, Shimla, in this, 100 preeclamptic women were included. Preeclampsia was diagnosed with blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg noted for the first-time during pregnancy, after 20 wks of gestation and proteinuria. Demographic details were collected. Investigations i.e. hemogram, liver and renal function tests, coagulation profile and fundoscopy were done. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were recorded.Results: In this study, majority of the subjects were primigravida 65. In this, 11 subjects had systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and 89 subjects had systolic blood pressure of > 160 mmHg. 25 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 90-109 mmHg and 75 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of > 110 mmHg. In this, 82 subjects had warning symptoms, mainly headache 49. 14 subjects showed hypertensive changes in fundus. Unfavorable Bishop Score, observed in 86 subjects and 78 subjects were induced after controlling blood pressure. Majority of subjects had vaginal delivery 73. Majority of the subjects had deranged liver function 61. Maternal morbidity was reported in 54 subjects. Intrauterine death reported in 14 subjects. Birth weight was < 2.5 kg was observed in 70 babies. Out of 74 live births, 53 neonates required admission in NICU and 16 neonates died in NICU.Conclusions: It may be concluded that, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early identification of risk factors and timely intervention is the hall mark in preventing the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality

Development to a Flexible Surface acoustic Wave Sensor for Strain Sensing

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors have increasing demand in structural health monitoring due to its passive, variable bandwidth, reliable life-cycle, high accuracy, small size, and light nature. SAW sensors can not only provide the static states of the structural system, such as temperature and pressure but also enable continuous real-time monitoring of dynamic states including strains. SAW sensors are generally fabricated with a rigid piezoceramic substrate, incapable of adapting to highly curved surfaces or flexible objects. The ongoing demands of sensor adaptability with flexible substrates, which is also capable of wireless monitoring, is the basis of the research that can be applied to medical and aerospace fields. The SAW fabrication involves developing a composite substrate using hot-pressing and depositing the interdigital transducers using additive manufacturing. The substrate of the SAW sensor is fabricated by integrating lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic nanoparticles as a reinforcement into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer matrix in the 0-3 direction. This enables the substrate to attain enhanced piezoelectric properties along with improved mechanical strength. PVDF is dissolved in a strong polar solvent such as N, N- dimethyl sulfoxide to which 50 wt. % of PZT powder is added to impart optimum dielectric property maintaining flexibility. Stretching by hot-pressing this mixture above the melting point of PVDF enables the transformation of non-polar α to a polar β crystalline phase of PVDF. The amount of β crystalline phase of the substrate produced out of stretching the PVDF is observed under FTIR scanning. Research has also been conducted by using a PVDF-TrFE, a copolymer of PVDF and brief comparison study on the flexibility of the composite developed using PZT/PVDF and PZT/PVDF-TrFE is performed. Polarization is conducted by sputtering gold on both sides of the thin substrate and subjecting it to a high electric field in a silicone oil bath to prevent arcing. The dielectric properties of the sample are measured by which frequency and attenuation are calculated mathematically. Delay-line IDTs are attached to it using conventional photolithography technique. With the sensor being developed, radio frequency signal is passed through an interrogator to the antenna connected to the input transducer which transfers the signal in the form of Rayleigh waves. The frequency response of the SAW device changes in amplitude and phase when subjected to temperature, pressure, or strain changes. FEM model of the SAW sensor is conducted, and the resulting deformation simulation is performed. This thesis discusses the development process of a flexible piezocomposite SAW sensor

Study of knowledge, attitude and practice of self medication among health care workers at MC Gann Teaching District hospital of Shivamogga, India

Background: Healthcare workers gain adequate knowledge related to medications used in treating illness from their work experiences which influences self medication practices.Methods: The present study was conducted in N=150 healthcare workers, divided into 2 groups with group I (nursing staff) and group II (paramedical staff) with 75 participants in each group. Data related to self medication was obtained from a pretested validated semi structured questionnaire either in Kannada or English. The responses were compared between each group with chi square test. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 16.Results: The mean age (mean±SD) of the participants in group I and group II is 31.79±8.309 and 34.15 (±8.168) respectively with p =0.081. The prevalence of self medication was 100% in both the groups. Both the groups knowledge related to the definition of self medication was similar (group I 63 (84.0%) and group II 62 (82.7%) p = 0.900). Group I believes that self medication is entirely safe compared to group II which was statistically significant (group I 66 (88.7%) and group II 46 (61.3%) p=0.029). Most common drugs used for self medication was NSAIDS (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in both the groups being 75 (100%). Antibiotics was used by 26 (2.66%) in group I and 14 (18.66%) in group II.Conclusions: Self medication practice is highly prevalent in the healthcare workers, who also influence the other populations to practice self medication. Practicing responsible self medication is more appreciable

Retrospective study on cost distribution of antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is an RNA virus. The first case of AIDS in human beings was reported in 1981, and now spread of HIV infection is alarmingly high with around 20 million deaths. The objective of the study was to determine the cost distribution of antiretroviral therapy among autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient attending the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) center of the tertiary care center.Methods: The objective of the study was to determine the cost distribution of antiretroviral therapy among AIDS patient attending the ART center of the tertiary care center. The study was retrospective, 20 patients included in different age groups and categories the cost incurred toward patients were divided under different heads: medication, laboratory diagnosis, transport, and miscellaneous costs.Results: It was found that major part of the cost is spent on drugs. The cost of transport and lab diagnosis varied based on age and stage of the disease. Miscellaneous costs were also high and were proportional to other costs.Conclusion: HIV infected population is more likely to have a lower socioeconomic status which has varied effect on the effectiveness of highly active ART. Some of the problems faced by them are access to health care, transport, economic instability, etc. all these factors have an impact on outcome of treatment. Overall it can be found that preventive measure than treating has better impact on quality of life

Genotoxic evaluation of ornidazole and secnidazole in albino mice: an experimental study

Background: The present study was planned to explore the genotoxic potential of some commonly used antimicrobials like ornidazole and secnidazole in swiss albino mice.Methods: Therapeutic equivalent doses of ornidazole and secnidazole were given by intra peritoneal route. Single dose in individual groups of mice (n=5 in each) was administered for acute study. Doses were repeated every 24 hrs for 7 times in additional groups of mice (n=5 in each) for sub-acute study. Cyclophosphamide served as positive control while normal saline as negative control. After 24 hrs of single dose (acute study) and last dose of drug administration in sub-acute study, about 0.5 ml of blood was collected by retro orbital sinus for comet assay as described earlier (Rojas E et al, 1999) and later the mice were sacrificed to aspirate the femoral bone marrow for micronucleus test as described earlier by described by Schmid W (1975). In comet assay, the total comet length and head diameter was measured under microscope using ocular & stage micrometer to calculate comet tail length. In micronucleus assay, the stained bone marrow tissue smears were scored for the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE) and also the ratio between polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) to normochromic erythrocytes (NCE) was obtained.Results: It was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison tests. Significant (P< 0.01) increase in comet tail length and percentage of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (% MnPCE) was observed in groups treated with single and multiple doses of Cyclophosphamide whereas ornidazole and secnidazole treated groups did not show any significant changes.Conclusions: The results indicate that Ornidazole and secnidazole are devoid of genotoxicity.

Study on organophosphate poisoning analysis and pharmacotherapeutic outcome in tertiary care hospital

Background: Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is the most common cause of poisoning and suicides in rural India as it is easily available and more often used in agriculture as a pesticide. In the present days, death due to OP is mainly due to draught, scarcity of rains and debt.Methods: The main objective of the study was to know the sociodemographic patterns, mode of presentation and outcome of treatment in the OP poisoning case that were admitted and treated in the tertiary care hospital attached to SIMS Shimoga. The study was a retrospective which included 120 patients at the point.Results: It was found that OP poisoning was commoner in males than in females. The male: female ratio was 1.5:1. OP associated deaths were the more common in agriculture based socioeconomic group than others mainly due to easy accessibility. Muscarinic manifestations were the common presentation in most of the patients. It was found that in the majority of the cases atropine and pralidoxime were the commonly used antidotes and recover rate was 93%.Conclusion: Consumption of large doses of OP and delayed treatment due to late admission were associated with increased mortality. Awareness programs regarding safe use and strict policies governing the availability of OP will help in saving many lives due to OP poisoning

Pharmacoeconomic study of antipsychotic drugs in India

Background: Schizophrenia is a disorder of relatively high point prevalence, low incidence and high disability. It accounts for nearly 1.5-3% of total national expenditure on health care. There is a gross variation in the cost of various branded and generic versions of antipsychotics available in India. This can lead to decreased patient compliance. The present study was undertaken to highlight this variation in the cost of various preparations of antipsychotics (branded and generic) available in India.Methods: Cost ratio and Percentage variation in cost of various antipsychotics available were calculated by standard formulae and analysed.Results: There is a very high variation in the cost of various antipsychotics available in India. The highest variation in cost ratio was seen with risperidone 2mg, 3mg and olanzapine 10mg, while the highest percentage cost variation was seen with risperidone 3mg, 4mg, 1mg; olanzapine 2.5mg, 5mg, 50mg, 100mg; levosulpiride 25mg and chlorpromazine 20mg. The lowest percentage cost variation was seen with Flupenthixol 3mg and Amisulpiride 300mg.Conclusions: There is a definite need to further strengthen the Drug Price Regulatory Mechanisms with regard to antipsychotics available in India in order to improve the patient compliance and thus cure rates of this burdensome and costly illness