Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Lead dioxide coatings on inert substrates such as titanium and carbon now offer new opportunities for a material known for 150 years. It is now recognised that electrodeposition allows the preparation of stable coatings with different phase structures and a wide range of surface morphologies. In addition, substantial modification to the physical properties and catalytic activities of the coatings are possible through doping and the fabrication of nanostructured deposits or composites. In addition to applications as a cheap anode material in electrochemical technology, lead dioxide coatings provide unique possibilities for probing the dependence of catalytic activity on layer composition and structure (critical review, 256 references)

Sociological Analysis of the Commercial Hunting on the Lands of Small-Numbered Indigenous Peoples of the North in the Arctic Zone of the Sakha Republic Republic (Yakutia)

The article presents the results of the analysis of commercial hunting of the most typical communities of small indigenous peoples of the North of Russia living in the Arctic zone of Yakutia, for which hunting largely determines the life quality. For the analysis, statistical data and internal hunting materials were used with the participation of the article authors. In preparing this article, we used statistical data and materials from the Yakutia Department of Hunting Management, as well as stock materials from the Institute. We used statistical methods to process the materials. For the first time, the materials of the intra-economic hunting arrangement conducted in the areas assigned to small peoples are analyzed. For the first time, the article provides data on the history of establishing hunting grounds in Yakutia as part of all-Russian activities. The article provides the results of foreign researchers' studies dedicated to the issue of framing and maintaining the traditional lifestyle of indigenous peoples of the North. Based on the analysis of the structure of commercial production, it is demonstrated that hunting trends are adapted to the extreme weather and climatic conditions of the Arctic and defined by the wildlife species that inhabit these regions. Backed by retrospective analyses, considerable changes in the structure of commercial production are illustrated. These are linked to the decrease in numbers of one of the populations of wild reindeer and the decreasing demand for natural fur, factors that have reduced the importance of traditional hunting in the lives of the region’s ethnic groups. It is revealed that the forecast of large-scale development of mineral resources in the Arctic regions of Yakutia demands that preventive measures be taken to protect natural resources that are the foundation for the traditional crafts of the indigenous peoples of the North

Proteção do artesanato tradicional dos povos indígenas do norte da Rússia: aspectos socioeconômicos e metodologia

The article provides general information about the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia); gives a brief description of the rich resource base of the Republic and the main directions of the economy of administrative regions. Industrial enterprises and transport infrastructure are considered as the main sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment, and specifically on hunting resources.Information about the indigenous peoples living in the territory of Yakutia, including those engaged in one of the main types of traditional crafts – hunting is given. The general characteristics of the current number of hunting animals in the areas where the largest number of hunting spots assigned to the communities of indigenous peoples of the North of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are described. The dependence of the density of the hunting animals’ population on the geographical location of hunting spots is shown. mThe article provides information on the legal protection of the indigenous peoples of Russia in matters of preservation of the native habitat and traditional crafts. The thesis about the need for compensation of losses arising because of industrial enterprises is confirmed.The method of estimation of losses of indigenous peoples of the North which arise as a result of withdrawal of part of hunting grounds under industrial objects is considered. A brief analysis of the indicators used in the calculation of losses is given, as well as recommendations for improving these indicators.El artículo proporciona información general sobre la República de Sakha (Yakutia); ofrece una breve descripción de la rica base de recursos de la República y las principales direcciones de la economía de las regiones administrativas. Las empresas industriales y la infraestructura de transporte se consideran las principales fuentes de impacto antropogénico en el medio ambiente, y específicamente en los recursos de caza.Información sobre los pueblos indígenas que viven en el territorio de Yakutia, incluidos los que participan en uno de los principales tipos de artesanía tradicional: la caza. Las características generales del número actual de animales de caza en las áreas donde se describe el mayor número de sitios de caza asignados a las comunidades de pueblos indígenas del norte de la República de Sakha (Yakutia). Se muestra la dependencia de la densidad de la población de animales de caza con respecto a la ubicación geográfica de los lugares de caza.El artículo proporciona información sobre la protección legal de los pueblos indígenas de Rusia en materia de preservación del hábitat nativo y la artesanía tradicional. Se confirma la tesis sobre la necesidad de compensar las pérdidas derivadas de empresas industriales. Se considera el método de estimación de las pérdidas de los pueblos indígenas del norte que surgen como resultado de la retirada de parte de los cotos de caza bajo objetos industriales. Se ofrece un breve análisis de los indicadores utilizados en el cálculo de las pérdidas, así como recomendaciones para mejorar estos indicadores.O artigo fornece informações gerais sobre a República de Sakha (Yakutia); dá uma breve descrição da rica base de recursos da República e as principais direções da economia das regiões administrativas. As empresas industriais e a infraestrutura de transportes são consideradas as principais fontes de impacto antropogênico no meio ambiente e, especificamente, nos recursos de caça.Informações sobre os povos indígenas que vivem no território de Yakutia, incluindo aqueles envolvidos em um dos principais tipos de artesanato tradicional - a caça é dada.As características gerais do número atual de animais de caça nas áreas onde o maior número de locais de caça atribuídos às comunidades de povos indígenas do norte da República de Sakha (Yakutia) são descritos. A dependência da densidade da população de animais de caça na localização geográfica dos locais de caça é mostrada. O artigo fornece informações sobre a proteção legal dos povos indígenas da Rússia em questões de preservação do habitat nativo e do artesanato tradicional. A tese sobre a necessidade de compensação de perdas decorrentes de empreendimentos industriais é confirmada. O método de estimação de perdas de povos indígenas do Norte que surgem em consequência da retirada de parte de áreas de caça abaixo de objetos industriais considera-se. É feita uma breve análise dos indicadores utilizados no cálculo das perdas, bem como recomendações para melhoria desses indicadores

Electrosynthesis and catalytic activity of PbO2 -fluorinated surfactant composites

It was shown that the electrocatalytic activity of composite PbO2-surfactant materials depends on the nature andcontent of the latter in the composite. The use of PbO2 doped with C4F9SO3K as an anode leads to an inhibition of the process ofoxygen evolution and an almost three-fold increase in the rate of electrochemical conversion of 4-chlorophenol to aliphatic compounds

Modified lead dioxide for organic wastewater treatment: Physicochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity

An investigation on lead dioxide electrodeposition from methanesulfonate electrolytes additionally containing Ni2+ is reported. It is shown that the lead dioxide electrodes micromodified by nickel have different physicochemical properties vs. nonmodified PbO2-anodes, that are formed during the deposition. The electrocatalytical reactivity of the electrodes involved in comparison to both the oxygen evolution, as well as to the electrooxidation of 2,4- -dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) acid is investigated. The processes of electrochemical oxidation of 2,4-D on various materials occur qualitatively with the same mechanism and differ only in the reaction rate. It is shown that the NiPbO2-anode possesses the highest electrocatalytic activity: the destruction rate of 2,4-D on it increases 1.5 times in comparison with the unmodified lead dioxide. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of a 0.4 mM solution of 2,4-D, determined by the dichromate method, is 90.0 mg dm-3 which is 94 % of the theoretical value. Модифицированный диоксид свинца для очистки органических сточных вод: физико-химические свойства и электрокаталитическая активность. Шмычкова Олеся, Лукьяненко Татьяна, Дмиртикова Лариса, Величенко Александр Сообщается об исследовании электроосаждения диоксида свинца из метансульфонатных электролитов, дополнительно содержащих ионы Ni2 +. Показано, что электроды из диоксида свинца, микромодифицированные никелем, имеют различные физико-химические свойства по сравнению с немодифицированными анодами PbO2, которые образуются при осаждении. Исследована электрокаталитическая реакционная способность электродов, участвующих в сравнении как с выделением кислорода, так и с электроокислением 2,4-дихлорфеноксиуксусной (2,4-D) кислоты. Процессы электрохимического окисления 2,4-Д на различных материалах протекают качественно по одному и тому же механизму и отличаются только скоростью. Показано, что Ni-PbO2-анод обладает наибольшей электрокаталитической активностью: скорость разрушения 2,4-Д на нем увеличивается в 1. 5 раз по сравнению с немодифицированным диоксидом свинца. ХПК в 0,4 мМ растворе 2,4-D, определенный методом дихромата, составляет 90,0 мг дм-3, что составляет 94% от теоретического значения

Electrooxidation of 4-clorphenol on modified lead dioxide anodes

The electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol on lead dioxide anodes micromodified by ions of iron group has been investigated. As follows from the data obtained, the rate of oxidation of organic substances on the anode materials involved is proportional to the number of reactive oxygen species in the near-electrode zone (OH–radicals) formed during the electrolysis as intermediates in water oxidation and participating in subsequent homogeneous chemical reactions with organic substrates in the bulk. The O1s peak on X– Ray photoelectron spectra was used to evaluate the amount of inert and labile oxygencontaining particles on undoped and doped PbO2 . Doping of lead dioxide with nickel leads to a significant increase in the number of labile oxygen-containing particles on the surface of the electrode, while iron modification leads to the opposite effect – an increase in the amount of inert oxygen-containing particles. The anodic oxidation of 4-chlorophenol yields a rather large number of intermediate products. The main intermediates include benzoquinone and maleic acid which was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The micromodification of lead dioxide with metal ions of iron group leads to a significant change in the electrocatalytic activity of oxide materials. The activity grows in the following sequence of modifying ions: PbO2<Co–PbO2<Fe–PbO2<Ni–PbO2

Design, fabrication and functional properties of titanium suboxide-based composites with low noble metal content for electrocatalytic applications

Fabrication, design and investigation of functional properties of composite materials based on titanium suboxides with low noble metal content for use in electrocatalysis has been investigated. The study particularly focuses on electrode coatings derived from titanium dioxide modified with platinum and palladium. The structural, electrocatalytic, and corrosion-resistant properties of these materials were systematically investigated. It was demonstrated that thermal treatment significantly enhances the catalytic efficiency of the coatings by reducing the oxygen evolution overpotential and improving the efficiency of hypochlorite synthesis. Optimal thermal treatment conditions (500 °C, 3 hours) were identified, resulting in increased stability of the anodes containing Pt and Pd layers, as evidenced by a service life of 176 hours. The study highlights the potential of these composites for applications in oxygen evolution reactions and hypochlorite synthesis, owing to their high stability, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness

An overview of progress in electrolytes for secondary zinc-air batteries and other storage systems based on zinc

The revived interest and research on the development of novel energy storage systems with exceptional inherent safety, environmentally benign and low cost for integration in large scale electricity grid and electric vehicles is now driven by the global energy policies. Within various technical challenges yet to be resolved and despite extensive studies, the low cycle life of the zinc anode is still hindering the implementation of rechargeable zinc batteries at industrial scale. This review presents an extensive overview of electrolytes for rechargeable zinc batteries in relation to the anode issues which are closely affected by the electrolyte nature. Widely studied aqueous electrolytes, from alkaline to acidic pH, as well as non-aqueous systems including polymeric and room temperature ionic liquids are reported. References from early rechargeable Zn-air research to recent results on novel Zn hybrid systems have been analyzed. The ambition is to identify the challenges of the electrolyte system and to compile the proposed improvements and solutions. Ultimately, all the technologies based on zinc, including the more recently proposed novel zinc hybrid batteries combining the strong points of lithium-ion, redox-flow and metal-air systems, can benefit from this compilation in order to improve secondary zinc based batteries performance.Basque Country University (ZABALDUZ2012 program), and the Basque Country Government (Project: CIC energiGUNÉ16 of the ELKARTEK program) and the European Commission through the project ZAS: “Zinc Air Secondary innovative nanotech based batteries for efficient energy storage” (Grant Agreement 646186