Влияние системы удобрений на количество фосфатмобилизирующих микроорганизмов в черноземе луговом

Изучали влияние системы удобрений на численность фосфатмобилизирующих микроорганизмов как компонента микробоценоза чернозема лугового. Установлено, что количество фосфатмобилизирующих микроорганизмов не коррелирует с дозой вносимых в севообороте фосфорных минеральных удобрений и степенью подвижности фосфора в почве, а определяется, предположительно, наличием углерода. Показано также, что в вариантах опыта с искусственным РК-фоном и ежегодным внесением удобрений наблюдается повышенное содержание микроорганизмов, мобилизирующих минеральные и органические фосфаты, педотрофов, целлюлолитиков, олигонитрофилов, иммобилизаторов минерального азота. В почве экстенсивного варианта наблюдается максимальное в опыте содержание иммобилизаторов минерального азота и азотобактера. Расходование органического вещества превышает его синтез на всех указанных агрофонах.Вивчали вплив системи удобрення на чисельність фосфат-мобілізувальних мікроорганізмів як компоненту мікробоценозу чорноземного лучного ґрунту. Встановлено, що кількість фосфатмобілізувальних мікроорганізмів не корелює з дозою внесених у сівозміну фосфорних мінеральних добрив і ступенем рухомості фосфору у ґрунті, а визначається, вирогідно, наявністю вуглецю. Показано також, що у варіантах досліду з штучним РК-фоном і щорічним внесенням мінеральних добрив спостерігається підвищення чисельності фосфатмобілізувальних мікроорганізмів, педотрофів, целюлозоруйнівних бактерій, олігонітрофілів, імобілізаторів мінерального азоту. У ґрунті екстенсивного варіанту спостерігається максимальний у досліді вміст імобілізаторів мінерального азоту і азотобактеру. Витрачання органічної речовини перевищує ії синтез на всіх досліджених агрофонах.The influence of the system of fertilizers on the number of phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms as the component of microbiocenosis of meadow chernozem was studied. It was established that amount of phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms had not correlated with phosphoric mineral fertilizer dose applied in crop rotation and degree of phosphorus mobility in soil and was determined apparently by the availability of carbon-bearing substratum. It was also shown that in variants with artificial PK-background and annual mineral fertilizer use the raised contents of phosphorus mobilizing microorganisms, pedotrophs, cellulolytic microbes, oligonitrophyls and the immobilizers of mineral nitrogen was observed. In the soil of extensive variant the content of mineral nitrogen immobilizers and azotobacter was maximized. Utilization of organic material had exceeded its syntheses in all studied agricultural backgrounds

Kinetics of the avian influenza-specific humoral responses in lung are indicative of local antibody production

The role and kinetics of respiratory immunoglobulins in AIV infection has not been investigated. In this study we determined the numbers of both total antibody secreting cells (ASC) and virus-specific ASC in lung, spleen, blood and bone marrow (BM) following low-pathogenic AIV infection. Antiviral humoral immune responses were induced both locally in the lung and systemically in the spleen. Responses in the lung and BM preceded responses in the spleen and in blood, with virus-specific IgY ASC already detected in lung and BM from 1 week post-primary inoculation, indicating that respiratory immune responses are not induced in the spleen, but locally in the lung. ASC present in the blood of the lungs and co-isolated during lymphocyte isolation from the lungs have no major impact on the ASC detected in the lungs based on statistical correlatio

Vaccination induced antibodies to recombinant avian influenza a virus M2 protein or synthetic M2e peptide do not bind to the M2 protein on the virus or virus infected cells.

BACKGROUND: Influenza viruses are characterized by their highly variable surface proteins HA and NA. The third surface protein M2 is a nearly invariant protein in all Influenza A strains. Despite extensive studies in other animal models, this study is the first to describe the use of recombinant M2 protein and a peptide coding for the extracellular part of the M2 protein (M2e) to vaccinate poultry. METHODS: Four groups of layer chickens received a prime-boost vaccination with recombinant M2 protein, M2e, a tetrameric construct from M2e peptide bound to streptavidin and a control tetrameric construct formulated with Stimune adjuvant. RESULTS: We determined the M2-specific antibody (Ab) responses in the serum before vaccination, three weeks after vaccination and two weeks after booster, at days 21, 42 and 56 of age. The group vaccinated with the M2 protein in combination with Stimune adjuvant showed a significant Ab response to the complete M2 protein as compared to the other groups. In addition an increased Ab response to M2e peptide was found in the group vaccinated with the M2e tetrameric construct. None of the vaccinated animals showed seroconversion to AI in a commercial ELISA. Finally no Ab’s were found that bound to M2 expressed on in vitro AI infected MDCK cells. CONCLUSION: Although Ab’s are formed against the M2 protein and to Streptavidin bound M2e peptide in a tetrameric conformation these Ab’s do not recognize of M2 on the virus or on infected cells

Systemic distribution of different low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in chicken

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since we were able to isolate viable virus from brain and lung of H7N1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infected chickens, we here examined the distribution of different LPAIV strains in chickens by measuring the viral AI RNA load in multiple organs. Subtypes of H5 (H5N1, H5N2), H7 (H7N1, H7N7) and H9 (H9N2), of chicken (H5N2, H7N1, H7N7, H9N2), or mallard (H5N1) origin were tested. The actual presence of viable virus was evaluated with virus isolation in organs of H7N7 inoculated chickens.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Viral RNA was found by PCR in lung, brain, intestine, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, heart, liver, kidney and spleen from chickens infected with chicken isolated LPAIV H5N2, H7N1, H7N7 or H9N2. H7N7 virus could be isolated from lung, ileum, heart, liver, kidney and spleen, but not from brain, which was in agreement with the data from the PCR. Infection with mallard isolated H5N1 LPAIV resulted in viral RNA detection in lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cells only.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We speculate that chicken isolated LPAI viruses are spreading systemically in chicken, independently of the strain.</p