Market Development and Newpaper Advertising in Early Modern Norway 1760-1800

Sammendrag Oppgaven har som formål å bidra med materiale om Norsk markedsutvikling i Tidlig nytid. Den vil gjøre dette gjennom analyse av to ukentlig publiserte aviser i perioden 1760-1800. Et sekundært formål for oppgaven er å undersøke rollen avisene generelt spilte i markedet i perioden. De brukte avisene er Norske Intelligenz-seddeler og Bergens Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger: Analysens fokus vil være på jordbruks og fersk varer som kan signalisere produksjon og salg for lokale og regionale markedet. Andre varer om luksus og colonial varer, alkohol og utstyr av ulike slag er inkludert i analysen, men er mindre sentrale. De kvantitative funnene viser en stor vekst i kommersiell reklamering i begge aviser skjønt Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler har mer slikt innhold på tvers av dataene. Veksten består i stor grad av reklameringer gjort av folk med mer beskjedne midler og mer reklamering av innenlands, lokale varer og varer med lav verdi. Avisenes rolle i samfunnet og markedet økte kraftig i perioden og denne utviklingen bidro til mer handel på regionale og lokale plan. Det var betydelige forskjeller mellom avisene særlig størrelsen på avisene. Andre forskjeller speiler grovt sett ulike regionale produksjonsmønstre. De generelle resultatene for oppgaven var at innenlands produserte varer som smør, dyrefor, grønnsaker og kjøtt ble mer reklamert for salg i de regionale og lokale markedene. Faktisk økning i produksjon og salg er nok mer beskjedent enn det økningen i reklamering viser, men det viser tegn til en gradvis overgang til en markedsøkonomi. Dette samsvarer Ragnhild Hutchisons forskning som tyder på at Norge gjennomgikk en sakte prosess i retning markedsintegrasjon.Abstract The paper seeks to contribute evidence on market development in Norway in the Early Modern Period. It does this through the analysis of two weekly published newspapers from 1760-1800. A secondary goal for the paper is to explore what roles the newspapers played in early market development. The papers are analyzed are Norske Intelligenz seddeler and the Bergens AdresseContoirs Efterretninger. The focus of the analysis is domestic and fresh goods which can suggest increased rural production for sale in local and regional markets. Other goods covered are luxuries, colonial goods, alcohol and durable goods although these are less important. Quantitative findings show a large growth in commercial advertising in both papers although the Norske Intelligenz-seddeler has more such content throughout the data. This growth seems to manifest in more promotions by advertiser of more modest means and more advertising for domestic, local and low value goods. The societal and market role of the paper increased considerably during the period and helped facilitate trade on a regional and local level. Differences between the papers were significant notably differences in overall size. Divergences largely mirror regional production patterns. Overall results are that goods produced for an internal market were increasing promoted suggesting by extension an increase in production and sale of goods like butter, animal feed, produce and meats for domestic consumption. The trend found is likely to be more modest than what is advertised, giving signs of a slow process towards market integration. This falls in line with Ragnhild Hutchisons research which points to a more slow-paced market proliferation in the Norwegian case

Gene expression profiles in rat brain disclose CNS signature genes and regional patterns of functional specialisation

Background: The mammalian brain is divided into distinct regions with structural and neurophysiological differences. As a result, gene expression is likely to vary between regions in relation to their cellular composition and neuronal function. In order to improve our knowledge and understanding of regional patterns of gene expression in the CNS, we have generated a global map of gene expression in selected regions of the adult rat brain (frontomedial-, temporal- and occipital cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum; both right and left sides) as well as in three major non-neural tissues (spleen, liver and kidney) using the Applied Biosystems Rat Genome Survey Microarray. Results: By unsupervised hierarchical clustering, we found that the transcriptome within a region was highly conserved among individual rats and that there were no systematic differences between the two hemispheres (right versus left side). Further, we identified distinct sets of genes showing significant regional enrichment. Functional annotation of each of these gene sets clearly reflected several important physiological features of the region in question, including synaptic transmission within the cortex, neurogenesis in hippocampus and G-protein-mediated signalling in striatum. In addition, we were able to reveal potentially new regional features, such as mRNA transcription- and neurogenesis-annotated activities in cerebellum and differential use of glutamate signalling between regions. Finally, we determined a set of 'CNSsignature' genes that uncover characteristics of several common neuronal processes in the CNS, with marked overrepresentation of specific features of synaptic transmission, ion transport and cell communication, as well as numerous novel unclassified genes. Conclusion: We have generated a global map of gene expression in the rat brain and used this to determine functional processes and pathways that have a regional preference or ubiquitous distribution within the CNS, respectively. The existence of shared specialised neuronal activities in CNS is interesting in a context of potential functional redundancy, and future studies should further explore the overall characteristics of CNS-specific versus region-specific gene profiles in the brain

"Et sprang ut i mørket": Stortingets behandling av aksjonærbeskatningen i 1920/1921

Denne masteroppgaven handler om Stortingets behandling av skatteloven i årene 1920 og 1921, spesifikt innføringen av aksjonærbeskatning. Før 1921 var det aksjeselskapet som betalte inntektsskatt, men reformen innførte inntektsskatt på både selskapene og aksjonærenes utbytte. Norge fikk dermed en dobbeltbeskatning som i praksis videreførte det høye skattetrykket som landet hadde under første verdenskrig. Aksjonærbeskatningen som reform var mangfoldig og mange forskjellige forslag ble vurdert som løsning. Utfordringen var å få til en progressiv beskatning som skattevesenet hadde kapasitet til å håndheve. Resultatet ble dobbeltbeskatning og at selskaper ble pålagt å bruke navnaksjer. Politisk var skattereformen et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Venstre og Arbeiderpartiet, men en lovfestet selskapsskatt sikret et bredt forlik på Stortinget. Det var enighet om både om overgangen til aksjonærbeskatning og å bevare det høye skattetrykket. Den politiske debatten handlet i hovedsak om dobbeltbeskatningen som Høyres alternative forslag unngikk.This Master thesis covers the enactment of the Norwegian tax reform of 1921, specifically the introduction of an income tax on stock holders. Before 1921 it was the company who paid income tax, but the reform introduced taxes on both company profits and dividends paid to stockholders. This meant that Norway effectively taxed the same income twice and the new tax system maintained the high taxes that the country had during the first world war. Taxation of dividends was a complex issue and a series of proposals were considered in the political process. The issue was to achieve an effective and progressive taxation which the Norwegian tax authorities had bureaucratic capacity to enforce. In the end, the law would tax company profits twice and introduce regulations that forced companies to include the stockholders' identity on their stocks. Politically the law was a result of cooperation between the Left party(Venstre) and the Norwegian Labor party(AP), but by fixing the corporate tax rate the other parties voted for the reform as well. There was broad political agreement on the transition from mainly taxing the companies to tax stockholders and on keeping tax levels relatively high. The political debate was mainly about whether company profits should be taxed, which alternative proposals from the conservative party(Høyre) did not do

Differentiating traits and states identifies the importance of chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms for cognitive prognosis in mild dementia

Introduction Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia are associated with poor cognitive outcomes in longitudinal studies. Whether this is due to differences in symptom burden between persons (BP) or changes within persons (WP) is unknown. Methods Patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 111) and Lewy-body dementia (LBD, n = 85) were assessed annually for 8 years. We modelled the association between NPS assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) using Tobit mixed-effects model with NPS as individual means over time (BP) and its deviance (WP). Results The association between higher NPS and poorer cognitive outcomes was mostly due to BP differences for the NPI-total score, and in particular for delusions, hallucinations, agitation, aberrant motor behavior, and apathy scores. Discussion The NPS trait (BP) effect on cognitive decline is considerably stronger than the state effect (WP). Clinically, long-term rather than episodic NPS better identifies patients with poor cognitive outcomes.publishedVersio

Mapping trends in the care workforce using SOC 1990 and SOC 2000

NAT12/NAA30 knockdown resulted in dysregulation of the hypoxia response pathway as shown by microarray analysis. Asterisks signify p values and indicate level of significance. *=(p≈0.01-0.05), **=(p≈0.001-0.01)

Technology in outdoor activities

ID3-322 Friluftsliv, bachelorstudium 14.12.2018ID3-32

Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: dietary and lifestyle factors compared to the general population

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/106836/1/bdi12160.pd

Clinical Evolution of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies in a Post-Mortem Cohort

Background: Almost all patients with neurodegenerative dementias experience neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) but the timing and clinical course is highly variable. Methods: In a prospective cohort study in Western Norway, patients with a new diagnosis of mild dementia were assessed annually in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) for up to 9 years until death. Patients with post-mortem neuropathological diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease (pAD) (n = 37), Lewy body disease (pLBD) (n = 14) or meeting criteria for both AD and LBD (mixed AD+LBD) (n = 11) were included in this study. Neuropathological assessment was performed according to standardised protocols and blind to clinical information. In mixed effects logistic regression, longitudinal change in NPS was explored across neuropathological diagnoses and substrates. Additionally, the odds of NPS early and late in disease was evaluated in logistic regression. Results: Early onset hallucinations were significantly more common in pLBD than pAD (OR 0.069 [95% CI 0.012–0.397], p = 0.003) or mixed AD+LBD (OR 0.09 [95% CI 0.010–0.771], p = 0.028) and there was a greater increase in the odds of hallucinations over time in pAD and AD+LBD than pLBD such that there was was no difference in the prevalence of late-onset hallucinations between pLBD, pAD or AD+LBD. Hallucinations early in disease were associated with higher LBD α-synuclein stages and neocortical LBD, in addition and sparser amyloid distribution. Higher density of amyloid plaques, tau tangles, cerebrovascular disease and increasing additional co-pathologies were associated with increasing odds of hallucinations over time. Conclusions: LBD, without significant comorbid AD pathology, is associated with hallucinations early in the course of disease while multiple other pathologies may be implicated in aetiology of late-onset hallucinations. Hallucinations increase in AD+LBD as disease progresses, a trajectory more closely aligned with AD than LBD.</p