Multiple Sclerosis and Ophthalmological Manifestations

Abstract Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the nervous system that is commonly manifested by visual system involvement and that may initially present with ophthalmologic symptoms. This paper reviews recent findings regarding the ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosi

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach

Abstract Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in pediatric age accounts for about 10% of cases of multiple sclerosis, defining as infantile form that onset before 10 years of age, and adolescent form that at the beginning between 10 and 18 years. The current diagnostic criteria for MS in McDonald's adult age can be ap plied to the pediatric age if the initial presentation of the disease is not an acute encephalopathy. As for adults, the triggering factor of the inflammatory process in the CNS is related to an immunological alteration on the basis of which T cells play a fundamental role in particular in relation to various antigenic stimuli. The diagnostic evaluation is based on the history, physical examination, blood tests, liquor and neuroimaging. In pediatric early onset forms, MOG (glycoprotein oligodendrocita anti- myelin) and MBP (basic antimyelin protein) are often present. The initial symptoms of MS vary significantly, often with difficulty in detecting modest symptoms such as changes in sensitivity. Often the initial symptom may be an encephalopathy (like ADEM) or an optic neuropathy with onset with a convulsive episode. The course is generally relapsing remitting. The EDSS score, disability index, in pediatric forms is generally lower than in adults. Patients with MS in children should be considered for treatment with both beta interferon and glatiramer acetate, as first line drugs, unless there is a specific contraindication to the use of the two products. The knowledge gained on the use of DMTs in adults (early and long term) is in favor of their early use even in pediatric ag

Thermal Methane Cracking on Molten Metal: Kinetics Modeling for Pilot Reactor Design

Up to 80% of hydrogen production is currently carried out through CO2 emission-intensive natural gas reforming and coal gasification. Water-splitting electrolysis using renewable energy (green H2) is the only process that does not emit greenhouses gases, but it is a quite energy-demanding process. To significantly contribute to the clean energy transition, it is critical that low-carbon hydrogen production routes that can replace current production methods and can expand production capacity to meet new demands are developed. A new path, alternative to steam reforming coupled with CCS (blue H2) that is based on methane cracking, in which H2 production is associated with solid carbon instead of CO2 (turquoise H2), has received increasing attention recent years. The reaction takes place inside the liquid bath, a molten metal reactor. The aim of this article is to model the main kinetic mechanisms involved in the methane cracking reaction with molten metals. The model developed was validated using experimental data produced by the University of La Sapienza. Finally, such a model was used to scale up the reactor architecture