Aproveitamento do lodo de tratamento primário de efluentes de um frigorífico como fonte de energia.

A demanda mundial de energia crescente e o efeito estufa induzido pelas atividades antropogênicas fazem da questão energética tema prioritário na agenda política global. O tratamento dos efluentes e resíduos provenientes das indústrias de carnes tem sido uma das grandes preocupações do setor agroindustrial. Na saída do tratamento físico-químico do efluente frigorífico pode-se obter cerca de 20% de lodo, que é um importante resíduo sólido orgânico. A aplicação do lodo sem tratamento prévio à práticas agrícolas pode ocasionar problemas ambientais e, atualmente, a reduzida área destinada a aterros sanitários e o transporte encarecem a sua disposição. O aproveitamento do lodo para a produção de vapor na indústria de carnes pode proporcionar ganhos energéticos e econômicos quanto à aquisição de combustíveis e aumentar a utilização de fontes de energia renovável. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de utilização do lodo gerado no tratamento primário de efluentes de um frigorífico como fonte de energia, levando-se em consideração suas propriedades físico-químicas e o controle de emissão dos poluentes atmosféricos no processo de combustão. Avaliou-se a combustão do cavaco e da mistura cavaco e lodo 9:1 em massa a partir da análise da concentração de poluentes, comparando-as com a legislação em vigor, e das perdas energéticas verificadas com a emissão de CO, CXHY e fuligem. A incorporação de 10% em massa de lodo à alimentação resultou em aumento da potência térmica nominal do sistema em aproximadamente 2% e economia no consumo anual de cavaco. Porém, em ambas as situações a queima foi ineficiente. A composição das cinzas do lodo determina a ocorrência de formação de depósitos e incrustação. Quanto menor a proporção de lodo na queima em grelha rotativa, menor a ocorrência desses problemas e melhor a homogeneidade da alimentação. Para que o processo de combustão alcance a máxima eficiência possível e produza pequenas quantidades de poluentes, cada etapa do processo deve ser otimizada levando-se em consideração a tecnologia de combustão aplicada, o tipo de biomassa e o seu comportamento térmico.Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC

Water and wastewater management and biomass to energy conversion in a meat processing plant in Brazil ? a case study.

1. Introduction; 2. Case study ? Meat processing plant; 3. Water and wastewater management; 4. Biomass-to-energy actions; 5. Conclusions

ANALYSIS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF URBAN SOLID WASTE AND BIOMASS IN SOUTHERN SANTA CATARINA AIMING AT ENERGY RECOVERY

Alternative treatments to urban solid waste (USW) landfill and its integration with biomass can generate social, economic, and environmental benefits beyond contributing to the just energy transition in the Carboniferous Region of Santa Catarina State (Brazil). In this paper, were collected and analyzed data on generation, quantity processed, and current USW treatment practices, as well as rice and forest biomass, aiming to identify the potential for application in the development of USW-derived fuel and biomass that can be used in the energy and industrial markets. In 2020, 236,272.2 t of USW were produced by the forty municipalities considered, with 50% concentrated in just five of these. With only three landfill sites in this region, many municipalities dispose of their USW at a distant location, which increases the overall cost of waste management for the municipalities. The total forest biomass handled in 2019 was 2,135,704.31 tons, and rice husk and straw (2020/2021 harvest) were 999,750.00 tons. Based on this amount and the analysis of the points of concentration of these materials, alternative treatments are being studied with a focus on adding value to the waste chain and advances in the development of the waste management sector in Santa Catarina and in Brazil

ANALYSIS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF URBAN SOLID WASTE AND BIOMASS IN SOUTHERN SANTA CATARINA AIMING AT ENERGY RECOVERY

Alternative treatments to urban solid waste (USW) landfill and its integration with biomass can generate social, economic, and environmental benefits beyond contributing to the just energy transition in the Carboniferous Region of Santa Catarina State (Brazil). In this paper, were collected and analyzed data on generation, quantity processed, and current USW treatment practices, as well as rice and forest biomass, aiming to identify the potential for application in the development of USW-derived fuel and biomass that can be used in the energy and industrial markets. In 2020, 236,272.2 t of USW were produced by the forty municipalities considered, with 50% concentrated in just five of these. With only three landfill sites in this region, many municipalities dispose of their USW at a distant location, which increases the overall cost of waste management for the municipalities. The total forest biomass handled in 2019 was 2,135,704.31 tons, and rice husk and straw (2020/2021 harvest) were 999,750.00 tons. Based on this amount and the analysis of the points of concentration of these materials, alternative treatments are being studied with a focus on adding value to the waste chain and advances in the development of the waste management sector in Santa Catarina and in Brazil

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE BRAZILIAN SCENARIO

Municipal solid waste has always been an undesirable asset in society, and its generation grows every year. Inadequate waste disposal may cause many problems, either by the contamination of the environment or by its capacity to serve as a vector for a series of pathogenic elements. The COVID-19 pandemic drew the world’s attention to these challenges and made it clear how they impact society in an unprecedented way. The higher amount of waste and safety supplies discarded, such as masks and facial shields, require an analysis of the current situation of solid waste management along with solutions to increase the capacity for resource recovery. Methods of treating, collecting, transporting, and disposing of municipal solid waste must be integrated with the other levels of the waste hierarchy (prevention, reuse and preparing for reuse, recycling, other recovery (including energy recovery), and disposal). The scientific literature on this subject was verified in this paper, serving as a subsidy for the implementation of possible processes to be used in companies in the area of basic sanitation and city halls, which can benefit from investments that will incur in the generation of products of added value, creating a new link in its business chain. The production and application of integrated municipal solid waste management systems, including energy recovery from refuse derived fuel, can reduce the volume and expenses of municipal administrations with inadequate waste disposal in landfills and promote more sustainable practices in the circular economy scenario. Therefore, this paper sought to highlight the main activities related to municipal solid waste management with an aim to energy recovery

ALTERNATIVES OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER SLUDGE DRYING PROCESSES FOR ENERGY RECOVERY : A REVIEW

As communities grow, cities need to increase their capacity to collect and treat domestic wastewater. The need of larger domestic wastewater treatment plants and proper disposal of its solid waste has attracted the scientific community to research about new technologies that will use those systems and waste as a way to generate energy. The moisture content of a fuel effects the combustion products and the energy released by the reaction.  Therefore, in order to make biomass to be a viable fuel option, the technological and scientific challenges of the drying process of wastewater sludge must be faced and overcome so the lowest moisture content level is achieved. Conventional drying processes as for example, direct and indirect thermal drying, are commonly used. However, other processes using renewable energy as for example solar drying are also being studied by the scientist around the world. Moisture content, physical-chemical properties as for example, heating values, composition, ash fusibility are all relevant properties taken into consideration when choosing a fuel for a specific application. The herein review is intended to present some existing domestic wastewater drying processes, alternative ways of improving the efficiency of those processes

THE APPLICABILITY OF CO-COMBUSTION OF COAL WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE: A REVIEW

Co-combustion of coal with a secondary fuel, as for example, waste-biomass, including sewage sludge, isan option for its safe its elimination and a sustainable alternative for heat and power generation. Untreated sewage sludge has a negative impact on the environment and society due to its compositional and pathogenic factors. Co-combustion of coal and sewage sludge have advantages over some emissions parameters and improvement of thermal characteristics, but there are limiting factors for its large-scale use, especially regarding to the fuel feed which requiresinnovative methods to develop a product that combinesboth fuels. When it comes to environmental impact, the combined combustion of and coal with sewage sludge presents good opportunities for future research and technological applications to be explored. This review focuses on the combination of coal and sewage sludge, highlighting the possibilities and limitations of the co-combustion using them as fuel

On the origin of leprosy.

International audienceLeprosy, a chronic human disease with potentially debilitating neurological consequences, results from infection with Mycobacterium leprae. This unculturable pathogen has undergone extensive reductive evolution, with half of its genome now occupied by pseudogenes. Using comparative genomics, we demonstrated that all extant cases of leprosy are attributable to a single clone whose dissemination worldwide can be retraced from analysis of very rare single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The disease seems to have originated in Eastern Africa or the Near East and spread with successive human migrations. Europeans or North Africans introduced leprosy into West Africa and the Americas within the past 500 years